Breeding cassava for enhancement of carotenoid, iron and zinc contents The First Scientific Meeting of The Global Cassava Partnership (GCP-1) July 21 -25 2008 Ghent, Belgium Miguel Angel Dita Rodríguez Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
HARVEST PLUS TEAM MEMBER INSTITUTION Wânia Maria Gonçalves Fukuda Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Vanderlei da Silva Santos Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Luciana Alves de Oliveira Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Tatiane da Silva Amorim Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Hernan Ceballos International Center for Tropical Agriculture Marília Nutti Embrapa Food Technology José Luis Carvalho Viana Embrapa Food Technology Carlos Estevão Leite Cardoso Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Maurício Melo Mascarenhas Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Zara Maria Fernandes Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Marcio Canto Pereira Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Miguel A. Dita Rodriguez Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits Clóvis Manoel da Silva Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits / EBDA Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
INTRODUCTION • Target site: Northeast of Brazil • Vitamin A deficiency • Cassava-dependent region • Biofortified food • Works must focus cassava BRAZILIAN GERMPLASM Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
INTRODUCTION Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
INTRODUCTION • Target site: Northeast of Brazil • Vitamin A deficiency • Cassava-dependent region • Biofortified food • Works must focus cassava • BRAZILIAN GERMPLASM Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Main Goal Development cassava varieties improved for Carotene, Iron and Zinc contents Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
FIRST CRITICAL STEPS Germplasm screening (CIAT Color Chart) - 1800 accessions from germplasm bank at Embrapa C&TF - 70 yellow and 2 pink landraces selected Characterization of 72 landraces for Total Carotenoid, Fe and Zn contents (for parent selection and varietal delivery) - Spectrophotometry, Atomic absorption and b-carotene quantification by HPLC Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
MAIN ACTIVITIES Parent Selection Crossing fields to obtain hybrids with higher Carotenoid, Fe and Zn contents Planting seedlings from crossings among yellow clones Harvest, selection and planting of seedlings Selection and planting clones for productivity trials Harvest, selection and planting of advanced productivity trials of clones with high carotenoid, Fe and Zn content and low HCN in roots Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
RESULTS 6 Generations (Populations) developed - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 -2006 -2007 -2008 (Parents from Landraces and elite hybrids) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
GENERATION 2003 18 crossing fields at Embrapa CNPMF Selection of 12 progenitors with high carotenoid regardless of HCN contents in roots Complete Diallele 5, 500 seedlings transplantation Continue. . . 8, 000 seeds at Embrapa CNPMF 33, 000 seeds produced 10, 000 seeds sent to CIAT/IITA Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
GENERATION 2003 Carotenoid evaluation (color chart - CIAT) of 3, 265 seedlings Selection and planting of 330 clones with coloured roots Preliminar Trial (Photos: Maurício Mascarenhas 2005) 254 hybrids selected: 53% yellow, 31% orange, 22% pink 49% with low HCN Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
GENERATION 2003 IN FIELD (2008) On-farm advanced productivity trials 51 hybrids for high carotenoids and low HCN 08 hybrids for yield and high Iron 12 hybrids for yield and high Zinc Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
GENERATION 2004 Policross 5. 550 seedlings transplantation 636 clones selectioned Color chart Selection of 6 progenitors with high carotenoid and low HCN contents in roots 7. 628 seeds planted in CNPMF 8. 000 seeds produced 128 hybrids with high carotenoid and low HCN in roots selectioned 100 hybrids with high carotenoid and high HCN in roots selected for processed food (Farinha) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
GENERATION 2004 (IN FIELD, 2008) 15 hybrids for high carotenoids, Iron and Zinc 22 Hybrids for high carotenids and very low HCN 23 Hybrids for high carotenoids and Iron 20 Hybrids for high carotenoids and Zinc Selection criteria • Carotenoids > 6, 0 g/g Fresh W • Iron > 13 mg/kg • Zinc > 10 mg/kg Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
GENERATION 2005 Policross 211 hybrids selected for high carotenoids, Iron, Zinc and low HCN Selection of 6 progenitors with high carotenoid and low HCN contents in roots 1561 seedlings transplanteds 35 hybrids selected for high carotenoids, Iron, Zinc and low HCN Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply 4. 500 seeds produced IN FIELD 2008
Total carotenoids (μg. g-1) contents (TCC) in Landraces and hybrids (2003, 2004, 2005) of cassava Landraces/ Number of hybrids genotypes Average (μg. g-1) Minimum (μg. g-1) Maximum (μg. g-1) Landraces 72 6, 6 0, 63 15, 51 2003 228 4, 4 0, 87 10, 47 2004 135 6, 2 2, 76 12, 41 2005 40 3, 17 0, 44 8, 41* Harvest time-points? • Significant increment in the generations 2003 and 2004, but not in the 2005 • TCC of the progenitors from these generations ranged from 1. 50 to 4. 0 μg. g-1 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Total carotenoid contents in hybrids (Families 2003, 2004 and 2005) 100 91 88 90 80 2003 2004 2005 Frequency 70 60 50 39 40 30 30 20 10 0 38 37 12 7 26 15 11 4 0 0 a 2 2 a 4 4 a 6 μg. g -1 6 a 8 5 8 1 8 a 10 cassava roots Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply 0 0 > 10
HCN content in hybrids (families 2003, 2004 and e 2005) 25 Considered as sweet cassava 2003 Frequency 20 2004 2005 15 10 5 0 0 a 20 20 a 40 40 a 50 50 a 60 60 a 70 70 a 80 80 a 90 HCN-ppm (cassava roots) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply 90 a 100 a 110
Iron (mg. Kg-1) contents in Landraces varieties and hybrids of cassava roots. (Families 2003, 2004 and e 2005) Landraces/ Hybrids Number of genotypes Average (mg Kg-1) Minimum (mg Kg-1) Maximum (mg. Kg-1) Landraces 72 9, 2 0, 0 56, 5 2003 179 8, 2 0, 0 51, 1 2004 136 13, 1 1, 0 77, 5 2005 40 23, 80 20, 54 30, 65 Analysis are being repeated! • Zirconium mill • Enviromental influence • Soil p. H Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Zinc (mg. Kg-1) contents in Landraces varieties and hybrids of cassava roots. (Families 2003, 2004 and e 2005) Landraces/ Hybrids Number of genotypes Average (mg Kg-1) Minimum (mg Kg-1) Maximum (mg. Kg-1) Landraces 72 4. 14 0. 0 26. 2 2003 179 5. 20 0. 0 34. 1 2004 136 12. 50 0. 5 87. 1 2005 40 7, 94 1, 97 34, 38 Analysis are being repeated! Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply • Zirconium mill • Enviromental influence • Soil p. H
Contents of total carotenoids ( g. g-1) on fresh root weight (Generation 2003 ) 2003 family (228 genotypes) Mean Min Max Progenitors 2, 84 1, 50 4, 00 Hybrids 4, 49 0, 87 10, 47 Gain 58. 1% - 42% 146% Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Contents of total carotenoids ( g. g-1) on fresh root weight (Generation 2004) 2004 family (135 genotypes) Mean Min Max Progenitors 3, 37 2, 14 4, 01 Hybrids 6, 21 2, 76 12, 41* Gain 84. 2 % 28, 9% 209, 4% Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
HYBRIDS (GENERATION 2003) SELECTED (Carotenoid, Zn, Fe, and low HCN, Agronomic traits) Participatory trials in communities of 3 Northeast States (CE, PE BA) Are being harvesting this week! Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
RELEASING VARIETIES On-farm Participatory Breeding Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
CASSAVA: Participatory Breeding (Romero-Hernandez, 1993, 2002, 2003 ) Selection and multiplication of 9 landraces (7 yellow + 2 pink) for fresh consumption Why? 1. Acceptance tests of yellow root genotypes by smallholder in the Northeast 2. Preparation of ‘consumers’ for the next generations of elite hybrids to be released from the 2003, 2004… generations 3. Supply well-characterized cassava varieties with more carotenoid contents than local varieties (commonly white-pulp) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Beta-carotene content in landraces selected with low HCN selected (Parents) Collaboration with Dr. Délia Rodriguez-Amaya - UNICAMP Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Cassava: participatory breeding On-Farm Participatory trials: -35 trials in: -28 farmers communities at: - 4 States of the Bazilian Northeast: (Pernambuco, Piauí, Bahia and Maranhão) • Growth curve (from 6 to 13 months): HCN in roots, fresh and dry weight, root pigmentation, yield. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Acceptance frequency distribution of the cassava varieties in participaty tests in Northesast Brazil. PREFERENCE RANKING Total of VARIETIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 tests Dendé Klainasik Cenoura rosada 8 7 1 8 2 1 0 0 35 4 7 2 4 3 2 2 2 0 0 26 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 8 Abóbora 2 1 9 3 7 4 7 0 1 0 34 Aipim Cacau 0 1 0 4 2 4 3 3 24 Cacau Amarelo 0 0 1 1 7 4 1 4 3 0 21 Cacau 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 4 Amarelo I 4 3 4 2 0 5 1 3 3 0 25 Amarelo II 6 2 5 2 0 4 0 0 26 Testemunha 4 5 7 4 3 0 3 3 35 29 29 31 27 29 29 21 22 14 7 238 TOTAL Classes. 1: “Outstanding” to… 10: very bad Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Acceptance probability of cassava varieties evaluated by farmers in 35 participatory trials in Northeast Brazil. Dendé Klainasik Aipim cacau Logistic Regression curves Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply Cacau amarelo
Varieties Released by Embrapa Dendê: BRS Dourada Klainasik: BRS Gema de Ovo “Golden” “Egg Yolk” Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Varieties Released by Embrapa Cenoura Rosada = BRS Rosada “Pink” Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
CAROTENOIDS CONTENT IN LANDRACES 15, 51 mg. g-1 72 landraces 10 5 BRS Dourada BRS Gema de ovo ( Total carotenoid content g/g root pulp - fresh weight) 15 0 White Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
CONSIDERATION - I Results indicates that exploring biodiversity and using conventional breeding approaches: Carotenoids, Iron and Zinc contents in cassava roots can be improved. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
CONSIDERATION- II One key issue of this selection is that about half of the high-TCC hybrids evaluated presented low cyanogenic content in the roots and, therefore, are suitable to be consumed boiled, which makes carotenoids more bioavailable than other ways of consumption. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
CONSIDERATION - III The high acceptance probability of de varieties BRS Dourada and BRS Gema de Ovo is very important to introduce the new cassava varieties improved to high, betacarotene, Iron and Zinc content in roots: The coloured roots varieties were not rejected by consumers! Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Thank You! Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
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