
ed799aadcd13c15783d103f5031965c6.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 9
Brain Drain in Argentina Thursday, March 15, 2018 Larry Or Dan Bryce Risto. Karinen Dan Lo. Vullo
Outline • • Overview Context Analysis Recommendations
Overview • Definition: – General: movement of highly trained personnel from one area to another – Specific: The emigration of highly educated workers from developing countries to developed countries / from poor countries to rich countries • Causes – – – Inadequate salaries Unstable government and insecurity High inflation and falling currencies Lack of human rights Corruption and lack of accountability Limited educational opportunities (World Economic Forum, 2000)
Scope – Africa looses 70, 000 scholars yearly 1 – 60% of medical doctors trained in Ghana during the 80 s have left 2 – 4, 316 skilled South Africans left in 20033 – India looses 100, 000 professionals to the United States yearly, at an estimated annual cost of $2 billion 4 – 6, 000 left Argentina annually between 1995 -2000, plus 250, 000 more since then 5 1 Prof. Edward Ofori-Sarpong, Ghana 2 Mutume, 2003 3 Naidu, 2003 4 UN Human Development Report, 2001 5 Intl Herald Tribune
“Having lost its money, Argentina is now losing its minds. ” (Nevaer, 2002) • 2002 Economic Collapse – “… in the first two months of this year [2002], 1, 260 Argentine Jews moved to Israel …compared with 2001, when 1, 300 Argentine Jews emigrated to Israel over the entire year – “Argentines with a[n] … immediate family member living in Spain or Italy can obtain visas to emigrate there” – “Recently, Argentina issued a desperate plea to the World Bank for an extension on $800 million loan”
Argentina: 19 th century: “glorious century” → 20 th century: “lost century” → 21 st century: “? ” • GDP: purchasing power parity: $403. 8 billion (2002 est. ), • Real growth rate: -10. 9% (2002 est. ) • GDP: composition by sector: agriculture: 5%, industry: 28%, services: 66% (2000 est. ) • Inflation rate (consumer prices): 41% (2002, yearend) • Labor force: 15 million (1999), Unemployment rate: 21. 5% (37377) • Industries: food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel • Agriculture products: sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, wheat; livestock • Exports: $25. 3 billion (2002), Exports commodities: edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor vehicles • Export partners: Brazil 23. 6%, US 10. 9%, Chile 9. 7%, Spain 4. 3% (2002) • Imports: $9 billion (2002), Import commodities: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal manufactures, plastics • Import partners: Brazil 42%, US 12. 8%, Germany 4. 4% (2002) • Debt external: $155 billion (2001 est. )
Analysis and prospects for the future STRENGTHS • Generally high rankings in human capital variables; highly literate, relatively well educated population, • Diversified industrial base • “Catching up”-hypothesis WEAKNESSES • Generally very low rankings in economic variables; recurring economic problems of inflation, external debt, capital flight, and budget deficits, unemployment high • Foreign investment attracted mainly by protected domestic market • Problems in the national innovation system: poor incentive regimes, low R&D/GDP (and mainly carried out by public sector) OPPORTUNITIES • Economy stabilizing after the crisis of 2001 -02; growth, new governmental programs to attract hi-tech companies and investments • Large and knowledgeable ex-patriot scientific community; knowledge transfers (brain drain → brain circulation), government is developing “Intell/Scien Diaspora Network” • USA immigration policy after 9/11; decreasing brain drain or just redirecting it? THREATS • Scientific community unsatisfied – threshold for departing very low • Weak political institutions and corruption • Crisis of 2001 -02 already destroyed the intellectual infrastructure? → insufficient “social capability” in order to “catch up”?
Recommendations Economic Reforms Science Policy Initiatives • Convert to a floating currency valuation system. • Stop borrowing from the IMF and private banks to support government spending. • Continue privatization efforts and other progrowth reforms. • Reduce bureaucracy and endemic corruption. • Increase investment in education at all levels. • Generate a compensation scheme that encourages graduates to stay for at least a few years. • Engage the large expatriate community of scientists in providing technical assistance in R&D infrastructure and market reforms.
References • • • Nevaer, Louis. “Brain Drain - Troubled Argentina Losing Its Minds. ” Pacific News Service, May 15, 2002 “Argentina: Economy. ” <http: //reference. allrefer. com/world/countries/argentina/economy. html> Mar 21, 2004. Africa “brain drain”: 70, 000 scholars leave yearly, ” http: //www. warmafrica. com/index/geo/1/cat/5/a/a/artid/208 Gumisai Mutume, “Reversing Africa’s Brain Drain, Zambia Daily Mail, 2003, http: //www. queensu. ca/samp/Commentaries/2003/drain. htm World Economic Forum, “Battling the emerging market brian-drain, ” 2000, http: //www. weforum. org/site/knowledgenavigator. nsf/Content/Battling%20 the%20 emerging%2 0 market%20 brain-drain_2000? open&topic_id= U. N. Human Development Report 2001, http: //hdr. undp. org/reports/global/2001/en/pdf/pr 5. pdf Edwin Naidu, “Figures show massive increase in brain drain, ” 2003, http: //www. iol. co. za/index. php? click_id=594&art_id=ct 20040321104139440 L 152496&set_id= 1 “Expatriates return to Argentina, ” International Herald Tribune Online, http: //www. iht. com/articles/131302. html Feldstein, Martin Argentina's Fall: Lessons from the Latest Financial Crisis Foreign Affairs Journal March/April 2002.
ed799aadcd13c15783d103f5031965c6.ppt