Bosnia Herzegovina Statistical Training Prosecution Courts

Bosnia & Herzegovina Statistical Training Prosecution / Courts Sessions 5/6, November 23 Overview of the Criminal Justice System and Statistics – The Integrated File Number With funding from the European Union DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS 2009 -2011

The Integrated File Number Introduction Why would you want an Integrated File Number (IFN)? Possible reasons: 1. To track the crime of an offender through the system 2. To link different datasets for statistical reasons 3. To look at the criminal history of offender(s) 4. To match the offender with his registration data (in countries where this exists)

Organization of Statistics • ‘Data Monitoring’ has three aspects: • Operational information The actual data for handling a specific crime/case • Management Information Data to monitor the performance of the organizations • Statistics Data for research and Policy • Although, ideally, these will be feed from the same source of data the use and the users are completely different • I will talk about statistics, unless specifically mentioned otherwise

The Integrated File Number Introduction Be aware that: 1. An (automated) IFN is not always necessary (not really for reasons 1 and 2 in previous slide) 2. Hardly any country has an IFN. Why would that be? 3. To implement and maintain a truly consistent IFN is very costly My recommendation: Start small (e. g. Common case number for Prosecution and Courts)

Summary of presentation 1. Conceptual implications 2. Technical implications 3. Organizational implications

The Integrated File Number Conceptual implications The first two questions to answer are of course: 1. What is the scope of the ‘Integration’? Police – Prosecution – Courts – Prisons Or even more? 2. What does a ‘file’ mean? The police registration? A case? All issues with counting units etc are applicable here.

The Integrated File Number 1. Conceptual implications The ideal would be that all justice related agencies use the same IFN. As well as Police, Prosecution, and Courts, you can also consider: – – – Prisons Probation service ( if you have one) Agencies responsible for Community Services Special care institutes for addicts Victim care Immigration & Asylum authorities It all depends on what you want to do with the IFN

The Integrated File Number Conceptual implications The file: • The basic question to answer is here is if the ‘file number’ should be crime-oriented or offenderoriented. • An offender oriented approach is conceptually more clear: it is always one person. • What you probably really want is both: the possibility to track a crime as well as an offender through the system

The Integrated File Number 2. Technical implications How to implement the IFN technically is again highly dependent on the use of the IFN. Some possibilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. Restricted to two or three agencies, e. g. Prosecution and Courts A uniform person number for each crime A unique person number regardless of the specific crime Use registration number (where system exists) Technical implementation is highly dependent on whether manual or electronic datasets are used

The Integrated File Number 2. Technical implications Scenario 1: Restricted to two or three agencies, e. g. Prosecution and Courts This could be simple to implement. Particularly if the counting unit (the case) is more or less the same. The sender (prosecution) should take care that a really unique (!) case number is assigned. The receiver (courts) has to add this unique case number to all files/records belonging to the case.

The Integrated File Number 2. Technical implications Scenario 2: A uniform person number for each crime • The idea is that there is a central register with a unique person number for all persons that are – at that moment – known to one of the justice agencies. • As soon as a person – suspected of having committed a crime – is known to the police, the personal details of this person are checked with this central register. There are two possibilities:

The Integrated File Number 2. Technical implications Scenario 2: A uniform person number for each crime (2) 1. The person is not yet present in the register. He/she will get a unique number. This number is returned to the police. The fact that he/she is now known in the police dataset is added to the register. 2. The person is already known in the register. The number is returned to the police. The fact that he/she is now known in the police dataset is added to the register (if not there already)

The Integrated File Number Technical implications Scenario 2: A uniform person number for each crime (3) The central register thus consists of: 1. Personal details (name, date of birth, . . . ) (preferably non-changing data) 2. The assigned unique number 3. A list with all agencies where the person is at this moment ‘active’, possibly but not necessarily with their own person or case number. This list could be like this:

The Integrated File Number Technical implications Scenario 2: A uniform person number for each crime (4) Person name: C G Lewis; index number 5289 Agency Date entered Date removed Own number Police city A 5/4/2009 1/3/2010 123456 Police city B 30/11/2009 Prosecution C 12/7/2009 1/3/2010 Court K 15/1/2010 1/3/2010 Prosecution D 15/3/2010 AB 234 Court K 10/5/2010 98765432 Prison X 2/6/2010 CONV 2345678912

The Integrated File Number 2. Technical implications Scenario 2: A uniform person number for each crime (5) As soon as a person is not ‘active’ any more in a specific agency a message is sent to the central register If all records in the central register have a ‘Date removed’, the person could be removed from the register

The Integrated File Number 2. Technical implications Scenario 3: A unique person number regardless of the specific crime Basically this is the same as scenario 2. But now the person is not removed from the register. In this scenario, the register could be linked to a criminal record register

The Integrated File Number 2. Technical implications • Scenario 4: Use registration number (where it is exists) • The implications are the same as scenario 3 except that it is now easier to – Consider the socio-economic background of the offender when considering punishment or sanction – Consider the socio-economic background of the offender when conducting research into the effectiveness of the justice system

The Integrated File Number 3. Organizational implications The organizational consequences for Scenario 1 are not too far reaching: • For manual administration, changing forms • For computerised administration software modifications are needed • Instructions to employees • Publicising the new arrangements

The Integrated File Number Organizational implications The organizational consequences for scenarios 2, 3 and 4 are considerable: – A separate central agency has to be created maintaining the register. – Identification of persons costs a lot of time – This central register can not be a manual one – All participating agencies have to be connected to the central register – Potential for adverse publicity and data protection consequences in most countries.

The Integrated File Number Recommendations – – Firstly: establish the exact needs. Why do you want an IFN Start small! With only a few agencies using the IFN and gradually adding more agencies to the system. Scenario 2 or 3 is the most flexible and is ideal to develop the system incrementally. However, it is expensive. Scenario 4 is only possible if you have a registration system (and then what about foreigners) and raises more problems.

What Happens in England • No unique IFN is yet used, although many experiments are being conducted, starting with a team Chris Lewis set up in 1993 • Data are passed between agencies using a variety of identifiers, the most obvious of which is the identifier used by the Police on their national computer.

Discussion on what happens in Bosnia & Herzegovina • What identifiers exist in Bi. H, which agencies use them: the extent to which they are different in different entities? • Would a IFN would be a good idea in Bi. H? • How far a IFN is possible within, say 5 years? • What barriers are in the way of an IFN? • Does the answer vary by entity?