Blood The fluid of life Vocabulary Words

Blood The fluid of life

Vocabulary Words Aorta Ø Artery Ø Atria Ø Red Blood Cell Ø White Blood Cell Ø Capillary Ø Circulatory System Ø Hemoglobin Ø Hemophilia Ø Lungs Ø Plasma Ø Platelets Ø Pulse Ø Vein Ø Ventricles Ø

What is blood? Ø Blood is a tissue Ø It is composed of Red Blood Cells, Ø White Blood Cells and Platelets Ø These cells are suspended in a liquid matrix called Plasma Ø We have 4 -6 liters of blood in our bodies

Plasma It's a straw-colored liquid that is 90% water Besides water, plasma also contains dissolved salts and minerals, nutrients and waste products. Microbe-fighting antibodies travel to the battlefields of disease by hitching a ride in the plasma. Without plasma, the life-giving blood cells would be left floundering without transportation. Never underestimate the importance of plasma. The liquid plasma carries the solid cells and the platelets which help blood clot.

Platelets can get us into sticky situations! Platelets are irregularly-shaped, colorless bodies that are present in blood. Their sticky surface lets them, along with other substances, form clots to stop bleeding. When bleeding from a wound suddenly occurs, the platelets gather at the wound attempt to block the blood flow. The mineral calcium, vitamin K, and a protein called fibrinogen help the platelets form a clot A clot begins to form when the blood is exposed to air. The fibrin threads then begin to form a web-like mesh that traps the blood cells within it. This mesh of blood cells hardens as it dries, forming a clot, or "scab. "

White Blood Cells The white blood cells are continually on the lookout for signs of disease These cells are capable of Phagocytosis Some WBC’s produce protective antibodies that will overpower the germ. Others will surround and devour the bacteria Antibodies: Proteins specifically made for a particular pathogen. The white blood cells have a rather short life cycle, living from a few days to a few weeks If an invading infection fights back and persists, that number will significantly increase.

Red Blood Cells Red blood cells perform the most important blood duty. A single drop of blood contains millions of red blood cells which are constantly traveling through your body delivering oxygen and removing waste Red blood cells are red only because they contain a protein chemical called hemoglobin which is bright red in color. Hemoglobin contains the element Iron As blood passes through the lungs, oxygen molecules attach to the hemoglobin The average life cycle of a red blood cell is 120 days. Your red bone marrow is continually producing new blood cells,

Blood Diseases Affecting Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells & Platelets ØAnemias ØHemophilia ØThrombosis (Blood Clots) ØLeukemia

Sickle Cell Anemia These anemias are genetic which means you are born with it because one or both of your parents had anemia. The Red Blood Cells are shaped abnormally The Red Blood Cells are not made in the normal amount This results in low hemoglobin in the blood which means you will not be able to carry enough oxygen to body parts. The red cells are also more likely to get stuck in the small blood vessels and cause pain and swelling in the joints.

How do I know if I have Sickle Cell Anemia? • Weakness & faintness • Headaches • Sore tongue • Dizziness • Yellow Eyes and skin • Severe Cases may have signs of heart failure

Hemophilia It is a hereditary blood disease characterized by the inability of blood to clot, or coagulate, leading to hemorrhage, or excessive bleeding, even from minor injuries. The disease is caused by an insufficiency or absence of certain blood proteins, called factors, that participate in blood clotting. These factors are found on the platelets. Before the advent of modern therapy, the chance of survival to adulthood was poor. Prevention of injury is important for the patient with hemophilia. When bleeding occurs, replacement therapy of clotting factors in plasma may be necessary

Blood Clots-Thrombosis: An abnormal blood in a blood vessel which may grow enough to block blood flow Blocked blood flow prevents oxygen from reaching an organ or tissue If the clot is in an artery which runs to the heart, it can cause a heart attack. Causes: Build up of fatty acids on the vessel wall. Smoking, and high blood pressure increase the tendency to form clots. Treatment: Usually involves the administration of anticoagulants, or drugs that discourage clotting. Anticoagulants can include aspirin.

Leukemia • Cancer of white blood cells. • Acute leukemias are characterized by the presence of "blasts, " which are immature white blood cells. Large quantities of blasts generally overgrow the bone marrow, leaving very little space for normal bone marrow cells. • Chronic leukemias are those characterized by a large and uncontrolled growth of more mature white blood cells.

1. Erythrocyte is another name for a: a) red cell b) b) white cell c) c) platelet d) 3. Which of the following blood components provide the major defense for our bodies against invading bacteria and viruses? e) red cells f) b) white cells g) c) platelets

4. The relatively clear liquid medium which carries the other cells of blood is called: a) lipid b) antibody c) plasma 5. Which of the following are likely to increase in quantities when the body is under attack from bacteria? a) erythrocytes b) leukocytes c) thrombocytes

Blood Types There are two distinct chemical molecules present on the surface of the red blood cells. Antigen "A" and the other Antigen "B. " If the red blood cell had only "A" molecules on it, that blood was called type A. If the red blood cell had only "B" molecules on it, that blood was called type B. If the red blood cell had both molecules, that blood was called type AB. If the red blood cell had neither molecule, that blood was called type O. Type A: will make antibodies to Type B: Will make antibodies to Type AB: Will not make antibodies to either Type O: Will make antibodies to both Type A and Type B

The Genetics of Blood Type Genes: Inherited factors; responsible for the characteristics of an organism Genes are inherited from your parents There are different varieties of genes called alleles. There are 3 different varieties of alleles for blood type. (A, B, O) Each individual will get ONE of these alleles from each parent. This will determine the blood type of the offspring. Alleles IA & Ib are dominant to Allele Ii. Alleles IA and IB are codominant since both are expressed when present.

Antigens: Surface labels RH labels can be either positive or negative.

Type B Antigens Both A & B antigens

Universal Donor: No blood type antigens present only the RH protein antigen.

Who Can I Give My Blood To? If two different blood types are mixed together, the blood cells may begin to clump together in the blood vessels, causing a potentially fatal situation A person with type A blood can donate blood to a person with type A or type AB A person with type B blood can donate blood to a person with type B or type AB A person with type AB blood can donate blood to a person with type AB only. A person with type O blood can donate to anyone

Will I Survive? http: //nobelprize. org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/ A person with type A blood can receive blood from a person with type A or type O A person with type B blood can receive blood from a person with type B or type O. A person with type AB blood can receive blood from anyone A person with type O blood can receive blood from a person with type O only. Because of these patterns, a person with type O blood is said to be a universal donor. A person with type AB blood is said to be a universal receiver

Are You Positive Or Negative? While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). It is particularly important for expectant mothers to know their blood's Rh factor The baby's life could be in great danger if the mother's Rh negative blood attacks the baby's Rh positive blood

1 In the ABO blood system, you normally can be type: a) A b) B c) ABO d) A, B, AB, or O e) all of the above

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding the ABO blood system? a) People who have the A antigen normally would not produce the anti-A antibody. b) People who are type AB normally produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. c) The only ABO type blood that normally does not have either A or B antigens is AB. d) 3. The universal blood donors for the ABO system are type: e) a) A f) b) B g) c) O

4. Which of the following statements is true about the ABO blood system? a) It was discovered in the 1950's. b) It was discovered by Karl Landsteiner c) Few people are actually typed for this system because of the difficulty of the procedure and high cost. d) a and b e) 5. An individual's ABO blood type is normally determined by: a) Genetic inheritance and environmental influences during life f) b) Environmental influences alone g) c) The inheritance of 1 of 3 possible alleles (A, B, or O) from each parent

6. In determining the phenotype for the ABO blood system: a) O is dominant over A b) B is dominant over A c) O is recessive d) all of the above e) 7. If one of your parents is blood type A and the other is type B, which of the following blood types would you likely be? f) a) A g) b) B h) c) O i) d) AB j) e) any of the above

A circulatory system has 3 parts: 1. Blood 2. Heart 3. Blood Vessels 4. 2 Types of Circulatory systems: 5. Open Circulation: Blood is not confined to vessels but allowed to flow freely over the

Closed Circulatory system: Blood is always confined to vessels. The heart pumps into large vessels which branch into smaller ones where nutrients and waste diffuse out. Blood NEVER leaves a vessel!! This type of system found in vertebrates, worms, squids This allows faster transport of oxygen; greater efficiency of blood flow; economy of blood volume and maintenance of sufficient blood pressure for a large body

Structure of the Heart

There are four cavities inside the heart that fill with blood. The top 2 of these cavities are called atria. The bottom two are called ventricles. . A wall, called the septum, separates the right and left sides of the heart A valve connects each atrium to the ventricle below it. Function in preventing backflow of blood Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Septum

As valves open and close they produce sounds that can be heard with a stethoscope. These heart sounds can indicate a problem with a valve such as a heart murmur.

Atria: Collecting Chambers • Right side: Receives blood returning from the body(deoxygenated) Aorta Pulmonary artery • Left Side: receives blood Right returning from the lungs. Atrium (Oxygenated) Ventricles: PUMPERS • Strong pumping chambers Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle • Right side pumps to the LUNGS to pick up oxygen • Left side pumps to the body to deliver oxygen. Septum

3 types of blood vessels: 1. Arteries: Carry blood AWAY from the heart • Are able to expand contract • Have 3 layers of thick walls • Smooth muscle, connective tissue is quite elastic allowing them to withstand the pressure of the heart pumping. • Pulse can be felt in an artery. (How fast the heart is beating)

Aorta: The largest artery in the body. • Delivers blood high in O 2 to the body • Blood pressure is measured in an artery • Blood Pressure: Pressure exerted by the blood against the artery walls. Made of 2 numbers: • Systolic pressure: the pressure of the contraction of the left ventricle • Diastolic Pressure: pressure as a result of the relaxation of the left ventricle.

Double Circulation There are 2 circuits that run through the heart. Ø Systemic Circulation: Serves the organ systems and delivers oxygen rich blood to the organs picking up waste as well Ø Pulmonary Circulation: Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to drop of CO 2 and pick up fresh O 2. Ø http: //www. wisconline. com/Objects/View. Object. aspx? ID=AP 12704

Arteries branch into smaller arterioles and then into capillaries. Capillaries: the smallest blood vessels in which gas and nutrient exchange occurs. Are microscopic in size. Blood leaving capillaries the flow into larger venules which become veins to return to the heart.

Veins: Carry blood from the capillaries TO the heart • Blood in veins is LOW in Oxygen!!!.