Blood Management in Cardiac Surgery Using Multidisciplinary Multimodality Approaches Global Blood Resources LLC www. mybloodfirst. com
Roadmap Discuss Blood Conservation Where we are today with blood The multidisciplinary players Their multimodality approaches What Perfusionists Can Do Changing the Paradigm What else can we do ! Disclosure statement: GBR is the maker of the Hemobag® for ATS
ETHICS OF BLOOD MANAGEMENT -First Do No Harm “Primum Non Nocere” -Transfuse only when absolutely necessary -Transfuse Only what’s Required / Sparingly -The Freshest Components Possible - Minimal Blood Draws Sampling -Avoid Waste/ Recover as much Autologous as poss -Use POC Labs to Justify Transfusions -Use Evidence Based Medicine in Decisions
To Start What is Blood?
First, A Surprise Quiz! Don’t ponder, just raise your hand if you Generally Agree with the question • • • • • Do you feel like you have an excellent report with your Surgeons in surgery ? Do they listen ? Do you feel like you have an excellent report with Anesth in surgery and do they listen ? Do your Anesthesiologists use pressors to keep the SVR up instead of Volume ? Do you feel like your Anesthesiologists gives too much crystalloid in general ? Do you feel that most of your Surgeons really try to avoid giving any donor products? Do you feel that most of your Anes really try to avoid giving any donor blood products? Do you RAP before going on bypass and does Anesthesia help and the Surgeon wait ? Do you use Osmitrol/Mannitol or Albumin? More than once ? Do you use the pump sucker during the case to return blood to the ECC in Valve cases ? Do you use the pump sucker during the case to return blood to the ECC in CABG cases ? Do you use the pump sucker during the case to return blood to the ECC in Aortic cases ? Do you feel that your processing too much cell washer volume by the end of the case ? Do you have a waste sucker in the field, and do they use it ? Do you use a Hemoconcentrator on at least 20% of your cases, 40%, >40% of the time ? Do you use a Hemoconcentrator to salvage the ECC at the end of the case, or Bag the Vol ? Is your Transfusion trigger on CPB generally < 7 gm Hgb or < 8 gm Hgb ? Do you feel that a transfusion is an organ transplant ?
Bank Blood Costs • Cost of blood products rising with no direct reimbursement. MC does not pay until 4 th unit… Red Blood Cell Units: $500 – $1, 000 Platelet Pheresis pack: $536 Plasma Units FFP: (4) $300+ Cryoprecipitate: (5+fee) $250 De. Anda, Spiess, et al. $1, 422 / PRBC unit • Transfusion reactions: Infections, viruses and most importantly Immunosupression / Immunomodulation • Incidence of TRALI (>1: 2, 000 donor exposures) • Nationwide range of “blood admin charges per discharge: ” $2, 240 JC will be evaluating blood management as part of Accreditation Joint Commission Perspectives on Pt. Safety: Jan. Vol. 7: 1, 2007
Allogeneic Blood Problems! Morbidity andblamed for deaths after heart bypass Transfusions mortality risk associated with red blood cell and blood-component transfusion in isolated coronary artery bypass grafting* April 2006 NEW YORK (Reuters Life) - Getting a blood transfusion during or after heart bypass Koch CG, Li raise the risk of Mihaljevic T, Cosgrove DM, after the operation, new surgery may L, Duncan AI, dying in the next few months Loop FD, Starr NJ, Blackstone EH. research suggests. From the Departments of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia (CGK, AID, NJS), Quantitative Moreover, this may explain in part why women are more likely than men to die after Health Sciences (LL, EHB), and(CABG), since. Cardiovascular Surgery (TM, DMC, FDL, coronary artery bypass grafting Thoracic and women more commonly need EHB), The Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland, OH. transfusions than men do. "To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to state that. . . transfusions may be MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN greater post-CABG mortality transfused. Dr. Mary A. M. the reason why women have a RESULTS: 12 K 48. 6% were than men, " Transfusion of red blood cells was associated. Michigan in Ann Arbor, said in a statement. Rogers, from the University of with a risk-adjusted increased risk for every postoperative morbid event: mortality 95% [CI], renal failure, female CABG patients In a study of Michigan Medicare beneficiaries, 88 percent of prolonged ventilatory support, serious infection, cardiac complications & neurological events. received a blood transfusion compared with 67 percent of male patients. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative transfusion were 5. 6 -timesis the single to die within Patients who received a blood red blood cell transfusion more likely factor most reliably associated with heart bypass surgery than weremorbid events after 100 days of undergoing increased risk of postoperative non-transfused patients, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Each unit of red cells transfused is the report indicates. © Reuters 2007. All Rights Reserved. associated with incrementally increased risk for adverse outcome.
Older Blood carries Greater Morbidity and Mortality Duration of red-cell storage and complications after cardiac surgery. N England J Med 2008 Mar 20; 358(12): 1229 -39. Koch CG, et al. BACKGROUND: Stored cells undergo progressive structural and functional changes over time. We tested the hypothesis that serious complications and mortality after cardiac surgery are increased when transfused red cells are stored for more than 2 weeks. METHODS: We examined data from patients given red-cell transfusions during coronary-artery bypass grafting, heart-valve surgery, or both between June 30, 1998, and January 30, 2006. A total of 2872 patients received 8802 units of blood that had been stored for 14 days or less ("newer blood"), and 3130 patients received 10, 782 units of blood that had been stored for more than 14 days ("older blood"). Multivariable logistic regression with propensity-score methods was used to examine the effect of the duration of storage on outcomes. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and Blackstone's decomposition method. RESULTS: The median duration of storage was 11 days for newer blood and 20 days for older blood. Patients who were given older units had higher rates of in-hospital mortality (2. 8% vs. 1. 7%, P=0. 004), intubation beyond 72 hours (9. 7% vs. 5. 6%, P<0. 001), renal failure (2. 7% vs. 1. 6%, P=0. 003), and sepsis or septicemia (4. 0% vs. 2. 8%, P=0. 01). A composite of complications was more common in patients given older blood (25. 9% vs. 22. 4%, P=0. 001). Similarly, older blood was associated with an increase in the riskadjusted rate of the composite outcome (P=0. 03). At 1 year, mortality was significantly less in patients given newer blood (7. 4% vs. 11. 0%, P<0. 001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, transfusion of red cells that had been stored for more than 2 weeks was associated with a significantly increased risk of postoperative complications as well as reduced short-term and long-term survival.
Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation 2007 Nov 12 Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, BACKGROUND: Red blood cell transfusion can both benefit and harm. To inform decisions about transfusion, we aimed to quantify associations of transfusion with clinical outcomes and cost in patients having cardiac surgery. Methods and RESULTS: Clinical, hematology, and blood transfusion databases were linked with the UK population register. Additional hematocrit information was obtained from intensive care unit charts. Composite infection (respiratory or wound infection or septicemia) and ischemic outcomes (myocardial infarction, stroke, renal impairment, or failure) were prespecified as co-primary end points. Secondary outcomes were resource use, cost, and survival. Associations were estimated by regression modeling with adjustment for potential confounding. All adult patients having cardiac surgery between April 1, 1996, and December 31, 2003, with key exposure and outcome data were included (98%). Adjusted odds ratios for composite infection (737 of 8516) and ischemic outcomes (832 of 8518) for transfused versus non-transfused patients were 3. 38 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2. 60 to 4. 40) and 3. 35 (95% CI, 2. 68 to 4. 35), respectively. Transfusion was associated with increased relative cost of admission (any transfusion, 1. 42 times [95% CI, 1. 37 to 1. 46], varying from 1. 11 for 1 U to 3. 35 for >9 U). At any time after their operations, transfused patients were less likely to have been discharged from hospital (hazard ratio [HR], 0. 63; 95% CI, 0. 60 to 0. 67) and were more likely to have died (0 to 30 days: HR, 6. 69; 95% CI, 3. 66 to 15. 1; 31 days to 1 year: HR, 2. 59; 95% CI, 1. 68 to 4. 17; >1 year: HR, 1. 32; 95% CI, 1. 08 to 1. 64). CONCLUSIONS. Red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery is strongly associated with both infection and ischemic postoperative morbidity, hospital stay, increased early and late mortality, and hospital costs.
Blood transfusions may be killing some of the people they are intended to save Dr. Sunny Rao Duke Cardiologist 2004 IF THERE were any sure bets in medicine, you might think that “blood transfusions save lives” would be one of them. But there aren't. Even though deaths caused in the 1980 s by accidental HIV infection mean that donated blood is now screened meticulously to keep it free of infectious agents, there is still a nagging feeling that something is wrong. In 2004, Sunil Rao of Duke University Medical Centre, in North Carolina, carried out a retro study of 24 K people suffering from acute coronary syndrome. One conclusion drawn from his research was that unnecessary blood transfusions might be causing tens of thousands of deaths in America alone. Rao found that patients who had a transfusion because of a low red blood-cell count had an 8% chance of dying within 30 days, and those without a transfusion, only 3% died. Those numbers need to be treated with caution. As Dr Rao points out, the patients who underwent transfusion were, on average, sicker and older than those who did not. Nevertheless, this study is not the only indication of something amiss with transfused Allogeneic blood products.
What are expert thoughts about the recent articles on Nitric Oxide and banked blood? Neil Blumberg, Prof of Path & Lab Med, Univ of Rochester MC "I think it is well established in the scientific literature that stored cells do weird things to the microcirculation. It is also well established in observational studies that patients with acute coronary syndromes (e. g. , MI, unstable angina) seem to do markedly worse when transfused than not transfused at similar hematocrits. Red cells that are nitric oxide poor will presumably scavenge nitric oxide, a vasodilator, and thus cause vasoconstriction and reduced oxygen delivery and thus impair its delivery. Most of the clinical correlative studies in the literature mentioned above involve patients getting non-leukoreduced transfusions rich in inflammatory, pro-thrombotic mediators, as well as residual platelet microparticles, white cell membranes and microparticles, and Lord knows what else. So it's not clear how much either factor, nitric oxide scavenging and infusion of a mixture of deleterious mediators contributes to the clinical observations. My bet is on both. What is clear to me and some others in the field is that fewer patients should be transfused and we are doing more harm than good with our current transfusion practices in many cases. "
So how can we manage blood better and who are the Multidisciplinary Players involved? Primary Doctor Cardiologist Admission Care Team Pre Game Plan with the Big Three *Surgeon, Anesthesia, Perfusion* Anesthesia Surgeon Perfusion (Its not your fault !) GWH ICU Care Team, Nurses Administrators
The Primary Doctors Office Baseline lab work (preferably 6 wks early) Micro-sampling (Peds Tubes) Iron therapy 50% of the Population are Low Epo therapy 2 -3 weeks to raise Hct 2 -3% Help patient to select best Hospital Help patient to select best Cardiologist Help guide patient to select best Surgeon
The Cardiologist Minimal Labs with Micro Sampling at all times Meticulous attn to blood loss during Cath, Rao MD Minimize the use of Heparin and ACT’s < 999 The Use of Anti-Platelet drugs like Plavix < is best Identify the best hospital to have Surgery done at Identify the best Surgeon to do the Case (specialist) No more than 2 easy Stents w/o Stent Jail please or send me to Surgery as grafts last longer! DES=5. 5% BMS=7. 8% On Pump CABG= 2. 8%@3 yr
The Admission Care Team Preferably the day of surgery Micro Sampling for Labs (a must) That first I. V. Line (Let the games begin) For every 1 liter of Crystalloid given Only 250 mls will stay Intravascular within 30 minutes, the rest of the 750 mls will cross extravascularly causing Organ Edema/Dysfx dropping the Viscosity and COP. It’s a lot easier to add volume than it is to take it off!
The “Epicenter” of Life & Fluid Balance
Capillary "Type" Permeability varies with type of capillary Capillary type varies with organ function 1. Tight (brain) 2. Continuous (skeletal muscle, skin) 3. Fenestrated (secretory glands, kidney, gut) 4. Discontinuous (liver, spleen, bone marrow)
Edema: Most common clinical manifestation of an imbalance of forces at the capillary wall Excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that has not been readsorbed into capillaries or taken up by the lymphatics Causes include • • Obstruction Permeability or change in reflection coefficient Increased protein permeability results in an imbalance – Occurs in trauma, thermal injury, inflammation – Life threatening manifestations - endotoxic shock, ARDS • Plasma Protein – – • Reduction in circulating plasma proteins, especially albumin Liver dysfunction, malnutrition, or acute alteration of fluid status • Albumin attenuates extravasation of fluid out of intravascular space to interstitial space Capillary pressure
Pre Game Plan (The Big 3) • When ever possible the members of the Cardiac surgical team (The Surgeon, Anesthesia, and Perfusion) should meet prior to surgery and discuss the best course of action for optimizing the case and avoiding Allogeneic Blood Products. • The Team Approach to Blood Management !
Anesthesia *8 gm – 10 gm Hgb DUKE 2006 / Henry Ford 2009 No Benefit and No Harm Meticulous placement of Lines to function correctly and not loose any blood or make any extra holes. Limit the amount of Crystalloid given during the case and opt for Colloids like Albumin instead for Volume. Vascular Tone (SVR) use Pressors as tolerated by cardiac output to achieve a normal SVR of between 800 -1200. ANH Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution, usually 1 -2 units or more can be removed safely and still keep a good Hct while on Pump. This should be the first vol seen post CPB. Targeted Pharmacotherapy (Amicar, Aprotinin, DDAVP, r. FVIIa Novo 7, Vitamin K and other recombinant factors)
Red Cell Mass Contributes to Hemostasis By Pushing the Platelets out to the Endothelium HCT OF AT LEAST 24%
Anesthesia Continued Hypotension is NOT Hypovolemia! (Chappell Fluid Article) Push the SVR not the Starling Curve! normal 800 -1200. Hemodilution is the Enemy! It leads to Organ Edema and Organ Dysfunction that leads to Morbidity and Mortality! HD creates to a Dilutional Anemia and a Dilutional Coagulopathy that leads to Blood Products leads to M&M! Give No Volume and keep Patient tight till the H/C Volume
The Surgeon Communicate clearly during the case and work diligently Have patience with the Perfusionists while they are RAP’ing Refrain from cooling as much, as it stuns/hurts the Platelets Meticulous surgical technique should be employed throughout the surgical procedure when bleeding When ever there is obvious surgical bleeding the surgeon should stop to tie down or cauterize the area to reduce the waste of blood. (And also fix the venous air) Micro-bubbles ! Remember that transfusion of any Allogeneic blood or blood products is an “Organ Transplant", and not just another medication that is without side-effects. Treat everyone like a JW !
**The** Perfusionist Condense your Circuit Prime down safely to 1000 - 1400 mls ! Calculate the Post-Dilutional Hct, Protein, COP values RAP/VAP (Auto Prime) both sides of your Circuit with the help of Anesthesia and the Surgeon. This is not only proven very effective in many studies, and its $$$ economical as it costs nothing. Add Albumin / Osmitrol to Increase the COP / Diuresis of the patient. Limit the Cell Washer to the Pre and Post Heparinization periods! Use the pump’s Coronary Sucker during the Heparinization period to preserve frank Autologous Whole Blood lost outside the heart inside the pericardium and return it to back to the patient’s circulation. A waste sucker should be kept in the field for undesirable shed blood and irrigant solutions (or a cell washer for this as well).
Perfusion Cont. On-site coagulation monitoring like thromboelastography TEG, Sonoclot and Heparin concentration determination like the Hepcon are essential tools in determining the Hemostasis. Targeted pharmacotherapy (antifibrinolytics and desmopressin acetate) are an integral part to prevent empiric transfusions of allogenic blood and blood products. Hemoconcentration should be considered for use to reverse excess fluid administration perioperatively, eliminate undesirable byproducts including antiplatelet medications and concentrate the patient’s red cell mass and plasma proteins during the case. Once safely off bypass Salvage the CPB circuit with Ultrafiltration so you don’t waste any of the patient’s OWN viable and vital blood cell fractions and components to a waste bag.
Blood Salvaging With Ultrafiltration The HB tech is an easy way for Perfusionists to salvage any ECC circuit’s Whole Blood quickly, while still keeping your circuit safely primed in case you have to crash back on in an emergency. The process takes only 8 - 10 min from Aortic decannulation till Anesthesia is infusing back this powerful unit into the patient. The Hemobag® and its TS 3 tubing set allows for Ultrafiltration both during the case and at the end for Whole Blood Autotransfusion. This is a device made for Perfusionists by a Perfusionist for easy salvaging of blood, helping avoid Allogenic Tx’s & Improve Pt Care The end product is a hyperoncotic Autologous Whole Blood packed with viably functioning Platelets, Clotting Factors, Albumin, Plasma Proteins and RBC’s with no morbidity or side effects.
“The Big Bang of Hemofiltration: The Re-Beginning of a new era…” • Selective, rapid removal of • plasma water & dissolved solutes, (<50 K Daltons) including drugs. i. e. Integrilin, Reo. Pro, Aggrestat, Plavix • Conservation cellular blood • components & proteins. • – Hct Improves organ fx – myocardial fx – cerebral oxygenation – pulmonary compliance Reduces post-op blood loss & transfusions Removes platelet-activating factor Critical Care “…Aplatelets of clotting factors functional aggregation Medicine. 23(1): 99 -107, – majority & platelets having January 1995 activity still exist in residual blood in the CPB circuit. ” – albumin & plasma proteins • Reduces anaphylatoxins – – C 3 a, C 4 a, C 5 a IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF MDF, bradykinins • Adjunct to diuretics for the treatment of fluid retention. Naik, 1991, Hospital for the Sick, Great Ormond St. UK. Luciani, 2001, MUF reduces morbidity after adult cardiac operations. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Tanemoto, 2004, Platelet activity of residual blood remained in the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit after cardiac surgery
The Big Picture about Whole Blood Choices/ Alternatives Publication Vol 4 Issue 2, Center for Bloodless Medicine and Surgery, University of Miami / Jackson Med Ctr. 30
Priming Volume Generally Crystalloid Fluid PATIENT CPB CIRCUIT 2 Separate Circuits with 2 Different Volume Types That are not exactly the same
On CPB Now Only 1 (ONE) Circuit with the Same Volume Type That is exactly the Same
PATIENT Once Disconnected from CPB CIRCUIT Once Disconnected from the PATIENT Primed with Whole Blood 2 Separate Circuits Now with the Same Volume Types Of Exactly the Same Blood
Processing Residual Circuit Whole Blood Three re-infusion methods – Direct Ann Thorac Surg. 1993; 56(4): 938 -43. – Cell-Wash JECT. 1996; 28(3): 134 -9. – Ultrafiltration Perfusion. 2005; 20(6): 343 -9. Final Infusion Volume Contents Technique Volume cc % HCT Plt Cnt 109/L [Fib] mg/d. L % Clot Factors Direct 700 -1800+ 17 -25 50 -140 80 -135 15 -40 Cell-wash 225 -450 40 -58 5 -25 10 -30 2 -10 Ultrafiltration 450 -1000 45 -55 125 -325 225 -385 85 -259 Note: 90 percent confidence limits for pre-protamine infusion volumes and blood component values (Proc Amer Soc Extra Corpor Technol. 2006) Hemobag® www. mybloodfirst. com J Extra Corpor Technol. 2004; 36(2): 162 -5.
Ultrafiltration Versus Cell Washing Residual CPB Circuit Whole Blood Issue Ultrafiltration Cell-Washing Clotting factor preservation Concentrates remaining factors Discards clotting factors Protein (fibrinogen) preservation Concentrates Albumin and Fibrinogen Discard albumin and fibrinogen Allogeneic transfusion avoidance Helps to avoid use of PRBCs and component therapy Helps to avoid use of PRBCs; May increase the use of component therapy Heparin / drug removal Concentrates some drugs Removes many drugs Platelet / RBC / WBC preservation Concentrates Functional Blood Cells May waste or activate Platelets, WBCs and RBCs Interleukin / complement removal Removes some ILs complements Removes some ILs or complements Contamination Should not introduce bacteria CW product contains bacteria Fat removal May remove some fat Removes some fat Cost-savings Cost savings with decreased allogeneic component therapy Some cost savings with reduced allogeneic PRBC use 1 Roeder. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2004; 36(2): 162 -5. 2 Samolyk. Perfusion. 2005; 20(6): 343 -9. 3 Jackson. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2006; 38(1); A 86. 4 Beckmann. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2007; 39(2): 103 -8. 5 Riley. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2007; 39(1)A 3.
Ideal End Product Given Back to the Patient ! • • High HCT High Albumin High Total Protein High Platelets Normal Electrolytes Very High Fibrinogen 8 -10 Minute Procedure Keeps the CPB Circuit Safety primed for Security • All Autologous Cells are returned to the patient!
What’s the Next Evolution of Autotransfusion for ECC’s in CV Surgery ULTRAFILTRATION has the benefit of Concentrating Whole Blood quickly & easily Saving All the Plasma as well as the RBC’s ! So How Can We Make It Really Easy Cell Washer Waste Whole Blood
FDA Cleared Device Specifically made for Perfusionists for Autotransfusion and Blood Conservation Using “Multipass Ultrafiltration” A Universal Blood Reservoir for Salvaging and Concentrating Autologous Whole Blood from any Extracorporeal Circuit or any anticoagulated blood Reservoir *In compliance with Jehovah’s Witness patients wishes & guidelines
HEMOBAG® 2. 4 Liters
Code of Ethics for Blood Donation and Transfusion ISBT / SITS #3. …transfusion must be in the best interest of the patient. #17. Wastage should be avoided in order to safeguard the interest of all potential recipients and the donors #15. Blood is a costly public resource Blood Industry, USA ~ $20 Billion / yr! #16. As far as possible the patient should receive only those particular components that are clinically appropriate and afford optimal safety and outcome. Cell Washing Devices ONLY CONTAMINATED BLOOD SHOULD BE CELL WASHED !!! Inherent waste by discarding all viable platelets & plasma ~280 -300 ml per bowl
Improved Coagulation • (Example of typical results in when ECC is returned with UF) = HCT PRE-OP 35% PT 9. 9 sec. 11. 2 sec PTT 27 sec 34 sec INR 1. 0 1. 1 ACT 155 sec PLT. COUNT 276, 000 INTRA-OP 25% 594 sec POST- INFUSION 33% 142 sec 241, 000 (Functional) Typically the Total 24 hour Chest Tube Drainage is 100 - 300 mls of Serous Fluid Patients are discharged with No Blood Products and No Complications.
ATS Waste Calculator (JECT 2007)
Clotting Factors Factor I Fibrinogen Half life 3 -5 days) Factor II Pro-thrombin Factor III Tissue Thromboplastin (TT) Factor IV Calcium Factor V Labile factor (proaccelerin) Factor VI not assigned Factor VII Stable factor (proconvertin) Factor VIII Anti-hemophilic factor A (AHF) Factor IX Christmas Factor X Stuart - Prower Factor XI Plasma Thromboplastin antecedent Factor XII Hageman factor Factor XIII Fibrin Stabilizing factor The higher up the cascade the clotting factor deficiency is the worse and more detrimental the coagulopathy can be
The Clotting Cascades
FFP & FIBRINOGEN FACTS • Fibrinogen is produced by the Liver (340 k. Da) • It is the main protein of blood coagulation and the mainstay in treatment of inherited coagulopathies • Frozen for up to 1 year, must be used within 24 hrs of thawing • Fibrinogen meshes with the Platelet plug and converts to a stable Fibrin clot • Normal blood levels are 150 - 400 mg/dl • Normal concentrations in plasma are about 3 mg/ml • Ea unit of FFP 200 -300 mls has 1 -2 mg/ml of Fibrinogen • It’s an important parameter in the diagnosis of CAD. • FFP use is up over 40% here in the USA since 1979 • Use and demand has continued to grow each year • The USA uses 3 times as much as Europe does! • Plasma Tx is not benign it can cause TRALI, TACO, TRIM and other Immunological consequences!
Do in vitro coagulation tests predict bleeding? The relationship between clotting factors and the PT is Exponential ! 45% 10% Dzik WH, in Mintz PC ed. Transfusion therapy: principles and practice, 2 nd edition. AABB Press, 2005
Equivalent Fibrinogen Volume Average from HB 500 cases • Frozen Plasma: – 1 Average Hemobag ≈ 3. 4 units of FFP (300 ml @ 325 mg) for Fbg. equivalency to one average Hemobag reinfusion (800 ml. @ 450 mg/dl) • Cryoprecipitate: – 1 Average Hemobag ≈ 37 units of Cryo. (60 ml. @150 mg pooled units) for Fbg equivalency to one average Hemobag reinfusion (800 ml. @ 450 mg/dl) ** FFP usage in the United States is rising each year and rising at a rate faster than RBC's. 30% of FFP transfusions do not meet current guidelines. [Transfusion Vol. 45: July, 2005. Dr. Dzik] Current trend nationwide FFP usage: ‘ 03: 2. 7 M u. ‘ 04: 3. 3 M u. ’ 05: ↑ M u. ’ 06: ↑↑M. u
Fluid Volume Management Circulation Lymphatics
The “Epicenter” of Fluid Balance
STARLINGS LAW
Fluid Movement Between Compartments
How Microcirculation Works Vascular Interstitial Lymphatic Daxor
The Lymphatic System Is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue that the lymph travels through. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system. The dissolved constituents of the blood do not directly come in contact with the cells and tissues in the body, but first enter the interstitial fluid, and then the cells of the body. Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the The lymph is not pumped through the body like blood, it is moved predominately by the contractions and movements of skeletal muscles lymphatic system. The lymphatic system has three interrelated functions. It is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues. It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle to the circulatory system. The last function of the lymphatic system is the production of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, including antibody & producing monocytes. Diseases and dysfunction/obstruction of the lymphatic system can cause swelling , edema and other symptoms. Problems with the system can impair the body's ability to fight.
The Lymphatic System
Plasma Protein Effects on Total Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP) Albumin 4. 5 21. 8 78 Globulins 2. 5 6. 0 21 Fibrinogen 0. 3 0. 2 1 Total 7. 3 28. 0 100
The Loss of Protein and Lymphatic Flow Proteins Lymph Flow
Edema: Most common clinical manifestation of an Imbalance of forces at the capillary wall Excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that has not been readsorbed into capillaries or taken up by the lymphatics Causes include Obstruction Permeability or change in reflection coefficient • • Increased protein permeability results in an imbalance – Occurs in trauma, thermal injury, inflammation – Life threatening manifestations - endotoxic shock, ARDS Plasma Protein • – Reduction in circulating plasma proteins, especially albumin! – • Liver dysfunction, malnutrition, or acute alteration of fluid status • Albumin attenuates extravasation of fluid out of intravascular space to interstitial space Capillary pressure 62
Albumin – Physiological role • Major functions – Most abundant protein in plasma (69 k. Da) – +/- 80% of plasma colloid osmotic pressure Normal COP is 18 -22 mm. Hg (Hemodilution really drops it) – Transport and sequestration of bilirubin – Transport of fatty acids, hormones, vitamins, enzymes, drugs (Warfarin, Diazepam, Digoxin, NSAIDS, Midazolam, Thiopental and others) – Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenger effect – Inhibit Endothelial Cell Apoptosis and may influence the Microcirculation by modifying the capillary permeability – Buffer in Acid Base Balance (fixes to H+ ions) – No Maximal Dose and No Effect on Hemostasis
78
Hypoalbuminemia leads to 3 rd spacing “Anasarca” …may cause generalized edema (swelling) via a decrease in oncotic pressure. Levels below 3. 5 grams per deciliter are generally considered dangerous. 50 m. L of 25% I. V. Albumin draws approximately 175 m. L of additional fluid into the circulation within 15 minutes
Perfusionists can reverse the Fluid Shifts that cause 3 rd Spacing from Hemodilution & CPB and optimize the Pt’s RCM, so that allogeneic blood products to treat a Dilutional Anemia and a Dilutional Coagulopathy can be minimized. Osmitrol Mannitol LASIX HEMOCONCENTRATORS ALBUMIN Perfusion Tools
Back to the players! ------ POST-OP Nurses & The ICU Care Team Maintain Normothermia Micro-sampling as little as possible Rely on Oximetry instead of draws Careful and judicious use of volume as needed Pressors instead of volume Albumin instead of crystalloids Diuretics if necessary Extubate ASAP ! No “Drive-by Transfusions” from on-call staff !
Hospital Administrators Get to know them on a personal basis Suggest the benefits of a Blood Mgmt Prgm Get them involved in Blood Management! Look at using Consultants: Infonale’, Hemo. Concepts, Strategic Blood Mgmt. Encourage trials of New Equipment / Drugs Find a Champion for Blood Management ! Show them the facts in $$$ savings for all!
Other Things You can Do! Join Am. SECT & get involved with the PBM Taskforce ! Take the PBMS exam & be a leader in your Hospital. Join the AABB, SABM, NATA or PNBC These are finely tuned international organizations solely focused on better blood management and improved care! Surf the web & read current articles and share them with other members of the cardiac team (leave around). Get on your Hospital’s Transfusion Practices committee and make a difference (Go to the monthly meetings). Find and support a Champion MD who wants to change the paradigms of tx’s in your hospital’s Cardiac team. Work as a team that’s focused on improvement of care!
More Things You can Do! Visit these sites and learn more! No. Blood. org Bloodless Medicine Research (Univ of Pisa) SABM (Society for the Advancement of Blood Mngmt) NATA (Network for Advancement of Tx Alternatives) PNBC (Physicians & Nurses for Blood Conservation) Medical Society for Blood Management Strategic Blood Management Mybloodfirst. com (Excellent site for Perfusionists) Get Involved and Change the Paradigm of Blood Use!
Take Home Message of ……. Blood Management Principles Multidisciplinary Communication is Jugular Find or become a champion in this effort! Maximize Preoperative Red Cell Mass Correct any Coag disorder prior to Sx Minimize blood loss in Sx (this is essential !) Avoid Allogeneic Tx (balance need vs risk) Salvage Autologous Whole Blood first then use alternatives if necessary • If a Transfusion is necessary: use safest, freshest and most effective product available (wash it !) • • Remember you can’t start saving blood until you actually start saving blood!
But most Importantly remember! “If its not yours its an Organ Transplant” with consequences, so try and do your best to avoid it! Your decisions effect the patient for the rest of their life!
Thank you for your time! Questions?
Скачать презентацию Blood Management in Cardiac Surgery Using Multidisciplinary Multimodality
efdc33f2b4d072a6fed0ec5b127a7cf7.ppt