BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY Blood costituents Major Functions

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BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY

Blood costituents

Major Functions of Blood Ø Ø Ø Transport of O 2, CO 2, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes Thermoregulation p. H regulation Protection against blood loss Protection against diseases through phagocytic blood cells and antibodies

Plasma vs. Serum

Chemical composition of blood Proteins Functions: - , V, p. H - Viscosity - Transport - Blood clotting - Immunity - Amino acid source

Immunoglobulins

Chemical composition of blood C-reactive protein Interferon Antitrypsin Enzymes: - excretory - secretory - indicator

Secretory enzymes Blood clotting enzymes Ø Serum cholinesterase Ø Excretory enzymes Alkaline phosphatase Ø Leucine aminopeptidase Ø

Indicator enzymes AST ALT Creatine kinase Lactate dehydrogenase -glutamyl transpeptidase Glutamate dehydrogenase etc.

Hypoproteinemia - kidneys and liver lesions, protein deficiency Ø Hyperproteinemia - severe diarrhea, vomiting, burns Ø Disproteinemia – change in protein ratio Ø

Chemical composition of blood Non-protein nitrogen compounds Nitrogen-free organic compounds Electrolytes Micronutrients

Blood lipoproteins

Blood cations

Blood anions Ø Chloride Ø Bicarbonate Ø Phosphates

Blood buffer systems Bicarbonate + + СО 2 + Н 2 О ↔ Н 2 СО 3 ↔ Н НСО 3 Phosphate - ↔ Н+ + НРО 2 Н 2 РО 4 4

Blood buffer systems Hemoglobin KHb + Н 2 СО 3 КНСО 3 + ННb Protein NH 2 Protein COOH

Eritrocyte metabolism Ø Ø Ø No nucleus, ribosome, mitochondria Anaerobic glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway 2, 3 -biphosphoglicerate regulates Hb affinity to oxygen Protection of Hb from oxidation: §Methemoglobin reductase §NADPH, glutatione

O 2 transport

Bohr effect

CO 2 transport

Blood clotting

The scheme of blood coagulation

Blood clotting factors Factor I (fibrinogen) Factor II (prothrombin) Factor III (tissue factor, or tissue thromboplastin) Factor IV (Ca 2 + ions) Factor V (proaccelerin) Factor VII (prothrombinogen, proconvertin) Factor VIII (antihemophylic globulin A)

Blood clotting factors Factor IX (antihemophylic globulin B, Christmas factor) Factor X (Stuart - Power factor) Factor XI (Rosenthal factor, plasma thromboplastin) Factor XII (Hageman factor) Factor XIII (fibrin-stabilizing factor, transglutaminase) Factors of platelets.