Black music of the 60 s part

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Black music of the ‘ 60 s, part 1: Motown

Black music in the ‘ 60 s • After first crossover artists, black rock follows different paths – Doo-wop influenced pop-rock style of Brill Building – Closer affiliation to R&B • R&B charts discontinued in 1963 – Black music of period called soul

What is Soul? • Examples: – Edwin Starr, War – The Shangri-Las, Remember – The Supremes, Stop (in the name of Love) – Sam Cooke, You Send Me

What Is Soul? • Umbrella term for a number of different styles – R&B + pop rock = Motown (Detroit) – Gospel + R&B/rock + pop = Stax (Memphis) – R&B + jump blues + gospel = Chicago, Philadelphia sound

Berry Gordy • Owned jazz record store • Starts own record company - Tamla Records - in 1959 • 1960 changes name to Motown – aka “Hitsville, U. S. A. ” • Aim: produce black music accessible to mainstream pop audience

Berry Gordy • Hands-on producer, manager • Relies on other producers as well – Smokey Robinson – Holland-Dozier-Holland (HDH) • Produced 28 hits for label • 17 straight hits for The Supremes • Control of image, behavior of acts

The Motown “Process” • Songs written by professional songwriters • Recorded by several Motown artists with different arrangements, producers – Funk Brothers – Motown house band • Gordy chooses version to be released

The Motown Sound • • • aka “The Sound of Young America” thick, “wall-of-sound” textures 8 -beat rock style beat AABA, pop forms Frequent appearance of hook - “in the first groove”

The Motown Sound • • • End-weighted Tag line provides ending Simple, appealing, non-challenging lyrics • Ex. The Temptations – My Girl

My Girl • Intro establishes rhythmic foundation – 2 bar bass riff starts on “and” of 4 – Guitar riff reinforces rock style beat 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + x x x – snaps on backbeat • Lightly syncopated vocals

My Girl • Verse chorus form – Transition: I'd guess you'd say – Leads to chorus = hook • End weighted • Melodic saturation

Marvin Gaye • • Hired by Motown as drummer Then singer and arranger Becomes biggest star of Motown label Songs in the Motown style, but sound somewhat different

Marvin Gaye - What’s Goin’ On (1971) • Ground breaking song/LP – Commentary on racism, Vietnam war – New for Motown • Sixteen-beat style beat – Rock style beat with beats subdivided again – Even more possibilities for syncopation, rhythmic variety

Marvin Gaye and Tammy Terrell Ain’t Nothin’ Like The Real Thing, Baby 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 2 I’ve got your pic-ture han-gin’ on my wall O X X X X X 1 e +a 2 e +a 3 e +a 4 e + I’ve got your pic- ture a 1 e + a 2 han-gin’ on my wall OO X OX OX O XO XO O O X X X OXO X

Marvin Gaye - What’s Goin’ On • Sixteen-beat rhythmic foundation • Clear jazz influences in sax solos, relaxed syncopation • Still has “Motown sound” - thick textures • But very topical, political lyrics

Other Important Motown Artists • Smokey Robinson (VP of Motown) and the Miracles – You Really Got A Hold On Me; Baby, Baby • Four Tops – I Can’t Help Myself • Martha and the Vandellas – Heat Wave, Dancin’ In The Streets • Jackson Five • Stevie Wonder

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