BLACK DEATH IN ENGLAND Учитель : Куманицына К. С. Ученики : Дмитриев Дмитрий Арсен Левонян
? What is it Black Death — was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England in 1348, and killed perhaps half the population, dying down in 1349. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the Second Pandemic, caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria.
How Black Death came to England Originating in China, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony. The plague seems to have been spread by infected rats, as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent. Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat and flea was the primary vector.
Victims Although historical records for England were more extensive than those of any other European country, it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty. Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague. Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90%. Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25% to over 60% of the total population.
Consequences
Economic, social and political effects Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England was a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The medieval world-view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of socio-economic development, and it became common to blame degrading morals instead. The landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a sign of social upheaval and insubordination, and reacted with coercion. In 1349, King Edward III passed the Ordinance of Labourers, fixing wages at pre-plague levels. The ordinance was reinforced by parliament's passing of the Statute of Labourers in 1351. The labour laws were enforced with ruthless determination over the following decades.
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