Биопрепараты Рисунки для презентаций (Ссылка: Internet < 2008 г. )
Иммунобиологические препараты • Вакцины (АГ-содержащие препараты; ДНК-вакцины; антиидиотипические) • Антисыворотки (антитела к АГ) -- Антитоксины (АТ к токсинам) • Анатоксины (инактивированные токсины) • Аллергены • Диагностические препараты • Др.
Иммунизация
Иммунизация
Modes of immunization
Edward Jenner carries out a vaccination
Pre and post vaccine incidence of common infectious diseases
Milestones of immunization
Introduction of variolation
Live attenuated vaccines
Killed whole organism vaccines
Modification of toxin to toxoi
Schedule for Active Immunization of Normal Children* Age Vaccine Months Birth 1 2 He. B Hepatitis-B 1 He. B Rotavirus Pneumococcal 5 Inactivated Poliovirus Measles, Mumps, Rubella 7 DTa. P PCV DTa. P PPV Influenza (yearly) Var MMR IPV Hepatitis A 9 19 18 23 2 -3 4 -6 He. B 12 15 He. B DTa DTa 3 P P P Varicella 8 6 1 PCV PCV 4 Rota Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis 3 Influenza 6 Years Hep A (2 doses) IPV MM MM R R Hep. A series
• Live vaccines The first live vaccine was cowpox virus introduced by Edward Jenner as a vaccine for smallpox (see vaccine section); however, variolation, innoculation using pus from a patient with a mild case of smallpox has been in use for over a thousand years (figure 2) • Live vaccines are used against a number of viral infections (polio (Sabin vaccine), measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, hepatitis A, yellow fever, etc. ) (figure 3). The only example of live bacterial vaccine is one against tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis: Bacille Calmette. Guerin vaccine: BCG). Whereas many studies have shown the efficacy of BCG vaccine, a number of studies also cast doubt on its benefits. • Live vaccines normally produce self-limiting non-clinical infections and lead to subsequent immunity, both humoral and cell-mediated, the latter being essential for intracellular pathogens. However, they carry a serious risk of causing overt disease in immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, since live vaccines are often attenuated (made less pathogenic) by passage in animal or thermal mutation, they can revert to their pathogenic form and cause serious illness. It is for this reason, polio live (Sabin) vaccine, which was used for many years, has been replaced in many countries by the inactivated (Salk) vaccine.
• Killed vaccines While live vaccines normally produce only self-limiting non-clinical infections and subsequent immunity, they carry a serious risk of causing overt disease in immunocompromised individuals. Killed (heat, chemical or UV irradiation) viral vaccines include those for polio (Salk vaccine), influenza, rabies, etc. Most bacterial vaccines are killed organisms ( typhoid, cholera, plague, pertussis, etc. ) (figure 4). Other bacterial vaccines utilize their cell wall components (haemophilus, pertussis, meningococcus, pneumococcus, etc. ) (figure 5). Some viral vaccines (hepatitis-B, rabies, etc. ) consist of antigenic proteins cloned into a suitable vector (e. g. , yeast). When the pathogenic mechanism of an agent involves a toxin, a modified form of the toxin (toxoid) is used as a vaccine (e. g. , diphtheria, tetanus, cholera) (figure 6). These subunit vaccines are designed to reduce the toxicity problems. Each type of vaccine has its own advantages and disadvantages (figure 7).
• Sub-unit vaccines Some vaccines consist of subcomponents of the pathogenic organisms, usually proteins or polysaccharides. Since polysaccharides are relatively weak T-independent antigens, and produce only Ig. M responses without immunologic memory, they are made more immunogenic and T-dependent by conjugation with proteins (e. g. , haemophilus, meningococcus, pneumococcus, etc. ). Hepatitis-B, rabies vaccines consist of antigenic proteins cloned into a suitable vector (e. g. , yeast). These subunit vaccines are designed to reduce the problems of toxicity and risk of infection. When the pathogenic mechanism of an agent involves a toxin, a modified form of the toxin (toxoid) is used as vaccine (e. g. , diphtheria, tetanus, etc. ). Toxoids, although lose their toxicity, they remains immunogenic.
• Other novel vaccines A number of novel approaches to active immunization are in the investigative stage and are used only experimentally. These include anti-idiotype antibodies, DNA vaccines and immunodominant peptides (recognized by the MHC molecules) and may be available in the future. Anti-idiotype antibodies against polysaccharide antibody produce long lasting immune responses with immunologic memory. Viral peptide genes cloned into vectors, when injected transfect host cells and consequently produce a response similar to that produced against live-attenuated viruses (both cell-mediated and humoral). Immunodominant peptides are simple and easy to prepare and, when incorporated into MHC polymers, can provoke both humoral and cell mediated responses.
МАТ
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