BIOLOGICAL ORGANISATION
Biological organization Living things in biology have several levels of organization
Organization levels Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Body system Organism
All living organisms are made up of chemical elements Atoms and molecules make up the chemical level of organization Atom: H – hydrogen, O – oxygen, Fe – iron, C – carbon …. Molecule or compound: H 2 O – water, CO 2 – carbon dioxide …
ORGANIC MOLECULES Organic molecules are chemicals that contain C, H, and O atoms in their structures.
TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES There are 5 types of organic molecules in living things. These are: Carbohydrates - углеводы Lipids - жиры Proteins - белки Vitamins - витамины Nucleic acids – нуклеиновые кислоты
CARBOHYDRATES PROPERTIES: • They contain C, H and O. • They are main source of energy for organisms. • They participate the structure of cell.
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES There are 3 types of carbohydrates according to the number of sugar. • Monosaccharides (single sugar) • Disacsaccharides(double sugar) • Polysaccharides (many sugar)
PROTEINS
PROTEINS contain C, H, O and N. Some also contain S. They are produced by ribosomes. Aminoacid is monomer of protein. Proteins have vital roles in organisms Proteins
Protein properties Structure – structure of cell, body parts – nail, hair… Biological catalysts – enzymes Transport – oxygen transport by erythrocytes (hemoglabin) Nutrition – albumin in egg, casein in milk Motion – actin and myosin in muscles Defense – antibodies
LIPIDS
PROPERTIES: • They are soluble in alcohol and ether but not in water. • Lipids are secondary source of energy. • Lipids take role in the conservation of body temperature. • They give more energy than carbohydrates and proteins. .
Types of lipids There are 2 kinds of lipids (according to state) a)Unsaturated fat b)Saturated fat
VITAMINS
Properties of vitamins • They are used in regulation of body activities, growth and reproduction. • They are produced by plants. • They don’t supply energy.
TYPES OF VITAMINS Vitamins are divided into two major groups. These are water-soluble vitamins and lipid soluble vitamins. B and C are water soluble vitamins. A, D, E and K are lipid soluble vitamins.
WATER SOLUBLE vitamins VITAMIN C: Found in oranges, lemons, tomatoes and green vegetables. • It`s deficiency in body causes scurvy.
VITAMIN B: They are obtained from liver, eggs and wheat. • Existence of vitamin B in body causes beri.
LIPID SOLUBLE vitamins It is found in cheese, milk, liver, green vegetables. It`s deficiency may cause night blindness. It is found fish, butter, milk, cheese and egg. It`s deficiency may cause rickets.
It is found sun flower oil and meat. It`s deficiency may cause sterility. It is found in vegetables, liver and egg. It`s deficiency prevents blood clotting.
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