Bicycle Crash Reporting in the US International Cycling Safety Conference September 22, 2017 Patricia Kovacs Ohio Bicycle Federation Improving Ohio bicycling through legislation, education and shared ideas.
Outline • • • Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria 5 th Edition Updates Problems with existing and proposed reports Proposal for improvements to bike crash reporting Uses of crash report data
MMUCC terminology • Date element is an attribute of a crash – date – time – location – manner of collision • Element attributes are enumerated values of a data element, such as manner of collision – angle – rear-end – head-on
4 th Edition Data Elements (2012) Crash data elements – Crash date and time – Location: roadway names, intersection type – First harmful event • non-collision (immersion, rollover) • collision (motor vehicle, pedestrian, cyclist) • collision with fixed object (bridge, curb, guardrail, post) – – Manner of collision: angle, rear-end, head-on Weather conditions Light conditions Hit/Run (none, solved, unsolved)
Vehicle Data Elements • • Type: car, truck, bus Direction of travel: from/to Traffic control device: stop, signal Sequence of Events Pre-crash action (straight ahead, changing lanes, overtaking/passing, turning right/left) Contributing circumstances (failure to yield, ran red light/stop sign, exceeded speed limit, wrong way) Vehicle defect (brakes, tire blowout, lamps)
Person Data Elements • • Name, Age, Address Injury, emergency transport Seating position Safety equipment (seatbelt, child restraint, helmet) • Condition (alcohol, drugs, drowsy, ill) • Distraction (phone, electronic device)
Changes in • • th 5 edition Fatal crash section – to improve FARS quality Large Vehicle/Hazardous Cargo Automated vehicle capability (none, partial, full) New Non-Motorist Section – Additional bikeway types – Add origin/dest for school and transit – Add distraction, DUI, point of contact • Other miscellaneous changes
Major issues with bicycle crash reporting • • Manner of collision Vehicle type does not include bicycle Pre-crash action Contributing circumstances
Manner of collision • MMUCC states this applies only to 2 MOTOR vehicles – – – – Angle Rear-end Head-on Rear-to-rear Backing Sideswipe – same direction Sideswipe – opposite direction • Not a collision between two motor vehicles in transport – used for bicycle crashes (99. 5% of Ohio bicycle crashes)
Vehicle type != bicycle • MMUCC data element is MOTOR vehicle • Ohio DOES include vehicle type = bicycle • So… we can derive manner of collision from vehicle attributes • Right hook – (Motorist. From = Cyclist. From) AND (Motorist. Action = Turning right)
Pre-crash Action • Cyclist is not considered a driver • Non-Motorist Actions – Entering or crossing location – Walking, running, jogging, playing, cycling – Working – Pushing vehicle – Approaching or leaving vehicle • In Ohio, ~50% are “Walking… cycling”, 25% are “Entering or crossing”, 25% are other/unknown • Useful driver actions: turning, changing lanes, overtaking
Contributing Circumstance • Non-Motorist Contributing Circumstances – – – – Improper crossing Darting Lying in roadway Failure to yield right of way Failure to obey traffic signs Not visible Inattentive Wrong side of road • Why are cyclists the only drivers who “dart”? • Useful driver circumstances: swerving to avoid obstacle, driving left of center
Dooring • The only indication of dooring is by non-motorists “approaching or leaving vehicle” – This value is not used for motorists (drivers) • Derive from – (Motorist. Action = Parked) AND (Motorist. Impact Like (“*side*”)
1, 2, 3, what are fighting for? 1. Remove “not a collision between two vehicles in transport” from Manner of collision for car/bike crashes 2. Bicycles are vehicles, add vehicle type = bicycle 3. Add Dooring as a pre-crash action
Additional Vehicle Asks • Vehicle type: animal-drawn vehicle (for Amish) • Traffic signs: share the road, bikes may use full lane • Traffic signals: pedestrian signal, pedestrian hybrid beacon, rectangular rapid flash beacon, bike signal, bus signal • Pavement markings: bike box, two stage turn queue
New pedestrian beacons
Additional Person Asks • Pre-crash action: opened car door into overtaking traffic – Already included in Illinois crash report since 2011 – 18% of Chicago crashes are doorings in 2011 -2015 • New Data Element Assistive Devices: wheelchair, guide dog, cane
Additional Roadway Asks • Edgeline presence/type: shoulder rumble strip, edgeline rumble stripe • New Data Element Accessible Features: curb cut, audible signal, tactile pavement
Edgeline/centerline rumble stripes
Proposal • Proposal reviewed by American Bicycling Education Association, League of American Bicyclists and Ride Illinois • Proposal submitted to Governors Highway Safety Association and Ohio Traffic Records Coordinating Committee • MMUCC Fifth Edition released summer, 2017
Final Fifth Edition • Most proposals were NOT accepted. • Clarification of bikeway types – Signed route – Shared lane markings (sharrows) – On-street bike lanes – On-street buffered bike lanes – Separated bike lanes – Off-street trails/sidepaths • New pre-crash actions related to walking/cycling on roadway, shoulder or sidewalk and whether with or against traffic
Ohio crash report analysis • Ohio Dept of Public Safety provides crash data in the public domain • Data is downloaded quarterly • Bicycle and pedestrian crashes are queried and normalized • Manner of collision is derived • Crashes are imported into Google Maps and users can view crash locations and select crash records.
Magic Happens
Google Map of bike crashes
Crash Attributes • • • • Document. Number 20166121778 Crash. Date 08102016 Crash. Time 1804 Location. Road Livingston Reference. Road Burlington Latitude 39. 945091 Longitude -82. 8828 Collision Not collision between two vehicles in transport Collision. Derived Angle Severity Fatal Hit. Skip Solved Location Not a intersection Weather Clear Contour Straight level Light Daylight Error Unit Motorist
Motorist Attributes • • • • Motorist. Unit. Type Mid size Motorist. Age 41 Motorist. Gender F Motorist. Event Pedalcycle Motorist. Action Straight ahead Motorist. Circumstance Unknown Motorist. Location Zero Motorist. From W Motorist. To E Motorist. Control No controls Motorist. Impact Right front Motorist. Condition Normal Motorist. Distraction No distraction Motorist. Safety Unknown
Cyclist Attributes • • • • Cyclist. Age Cyclist. Gender Cyclist. Event Cyclist. Action Cyclist. Circumstance Cyclist. Location Cyclist. From Cyclist. To Cyclist. Control Cyclist. Impact Cyclist. Condition Cyclist. Distraction Cyclist. Safety 69 M Motor vehicle in transport Non. Motorist Walk, run, jog, play, cycling Failure to yield Shoulder/roadside S N No controls None Normal No distraction None
Derived Manner of Collision. Derived Angle Left cross Rear-end Right cross Sideswipe, same direction Right hook Unknown Single bike Head-on Left hook Backing Bike sideswipe car Bike rear-end parked car Bike bike Sideswipe, opposite direction Bike sideswipe parked car Dooring 2016 935 104 83 53 47 44 37 35 34 33 17 14 10 8 7 2016% 63. 6 7. 1 5. 6 3. 2 3. 0 2. 5 2. 4 2. 3 2. 2 1. 0 0. 7 0. 5 5 4 2 0. 3 0. 1 1470
Cyclist at fault
Motorist at fault
Bikeway evaluation
Why look at crash report data? • Crash type analysis helps to focus education • Roundabout safety – Gahanna’s first roundabout crashes increased 11 to 49 per year – Gahanna latest 2 -lane roundabout added RRFBs in crosswalks! • Traffic signal removal safety – Signal management system upgrade requires review of all signals – Smart Columbus will add automated and connected vehicles • Legislative advocacy – Hit & runs - 26% bicycle, 28% pedestrian crashes, look for improvements now that penalty increased – Rear-ends and Sideswipes to support and evaluate 3’ law • 9. 4% Bicycling & Law, Bob Mionske, JD • Ohio crashes: 8. 8% in 2016 – Increase highway speed limits to 70 in 2013 – highway injury and fatal crashes increased 8. 7% in 2014.
Quality of crash report data • Lack of reporting of bike/pedestrian crashes – “It’s only a bicycle” • Property damage limits increased in 2012 from $400 to $1000, but all injury crashes must be reported, 84% bicycle, 90% pedestrian crashes result in injury • Errors in reporting and judgment of fault • In general, Columbus police are fair with bike crash reporting, but some problems occur • Sidewalk cycling ban in Columbus leads to many cyclists at fault when hit in crosswalks
Future • Update studies of specific projects in Ohio – sharrows, bike lanes, separated bike lanes using crash data and bike counts where available. • Participate in review team updating Ohio crash report guidelines. Ensure we don’t step backwards.
Conclusion • Bike and pedestrian crash maps available on OBF website http: //www. ohiobike. org/index. php/advocacy • Questions? • Patricia Kovacs, pkovacs@att. net
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