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- Количество слайдов: 14
Biblical Intertextuality in the Gospels Birth Narratives Professor L. W. Hurtado School of Divinity University of Edinburgh
Basic Gospels Data • GMark first Jesus-narrative (ca. 70 CE) • GMatthew & GLuke (ca. 75 -85 CE? ), expanded accounts: birth narratives and resurrection-appearance narratives, plus ca. 200 verses of sayings. • GMatthew & GLuke take GMark in a more biographical-like direction
Gospels Birth Narratives Two distinguishable & independent accounts, neither derivable from the other • GMatt: star, magi, Herod, slaughter of children, Joseph’s dreams, flight to Egypt • GLuke: John-narrative (Zechariah, Elizabeth), census, shepherds, angels, manger, Simeon, Anna • Genealogies different! • Agreements: Jesus, Mary & Joseph; Miraculous/virginal conception; Bethlehem, Nazareth • Densely “intertextual”
Types of Intertextuality • Direct/explicit citation: E. g. , “as it is written in X”, “this was to fulfill what was said in Y” • Allusion: Conspicuous wording pointing readers to specific prior text(s), each text to be read in light of the other. • Influence of prior texts on the language of a subsequent text (no intention that texts be “inter-read”).
Matthew’s Genealogy • A cast of OT figures, esp. the women! Tamar (1: 3; cf. Gen 38); Rahab (1: 5; cf. Josh 2); Ruth (1: 5; cf. Ruth); “wife of Uriah” (1: 6; cf. 2 Sam 11). • “David the king” (1: 6) • OT contours: Abraham → David → Captivity → Messiah (1: 17)
Matthew’s Direct Citations • Isaiah 7: 14 (Mt 1: 22 -23). “Look, the virgin shall conceive. . . ” • Micah 5: 2 (Mt 2: 6). “And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah. . . ” • Hosea 11: 1 (Mt 2: 15). “Out of Egypt I called my son. ” • Jeremiah 31: 15 (Mt 2: 18). “A voice was heard in Ramah, wailing and loud lamentation. . . ” • “The prophets” (Mt 2: 23). “A Nazorean”. Cf. Isa. 11: 1 et al. (Heb: netzer)
Matthew’s Star Mt 2: 1 -2 “. . . wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, asking ‘Where is the child who has been born king of the Jews? For we have seen his star at its rising, and have come to pay him homage. ” • Numbers 24: 17 -19 “. . . a star shall come out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel. . . One out of Jacob shall rule. . . ”
Gifts of the Magi Mt 2: 11 “. . . opening their treasure chests, they offered him gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. ” Isa 60: 1 -6 (cf. Tobit 13: 11) “Arise, shine; for your light has come. . . Nations shall come to your light, and kings. . . They shall bring gold and frankincense, and shall proclaim the praise of the Lord. ”
Matthew’s Allusions to Moses’ Nativity (Exodus 1– 2) • An evil king (Herod) / Pharaoh • Herod’s slaughter of infants (Mt 2: 16 -17) / Pharaoh’s killing of Israelite babies (Exod 1: 15 -22)
OT/Jewish “Cadences” in Luke’s Birth Narrative • “an angel of the Lord” (1: 11) • A barren wife (1: 7) and aged husband (1: 18); cf. Abraham/Sarah (Gen 18: 1 -15); Manoah (Samson, Judges 13) • “House of David” (1: 26; 2: 69); “House of Jacob” (1: 33); cf. 2 Sam 7: 4 -17) • “City of David” (2: 4, 11) • “Consolation of Israel” (2: 25); “redemption of Jerusalem” (2: 38)
John the Baptizer • Priest/nazirite: “no wine • Aaron in Lev 10: 8 -9, or strong drink” (Lk “Drink no wine or strong 1: 15) drink” (cf. Nazirite vow in Num 6: 1 -4) • “. . . with the spirit and power of Elijah. . . To • “Lo, I send you the turn the hearts of prophet Elijah before the parents to their great and terrible day of children, and the Lord comes. He will disobedient to the wisdom turn the hearts of of the righteous, to make parents to their children ready a people prepared and the hearts of for the Lord” (Lk 1: 17) children to their parents, so that I will not come an strike the land with a curse” (Malachi 4: 5)
Mary’s Song (Lk 1: 46 -55) “My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior” “He has brought down the powerful. . . and lifted up the lowly; he has filled the hungry with good things “He has helped his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy, according to the promise he made to our ancestors, to Abraham and to his descendents forever. ” Hannah (1 Sam 2: 1 -10): “My heart exults in the Lord; my strength is exalted in my God” “The bows of the mighty are broken. . . He raises up the poor from the dust. . . “. . . he will give strength to his king, and exalt the power of his anointed” Abraham’s promise (Gen 12: 1 -3) Also, e. g. , Psa 34: 3; 35: 9; 138: 6; 118: 15 -16; 98: 3, etc.
Zechariah’s Prophecy • “You. . . will be called • “See, I am sending the prophet of the my messenger to Most High; for you will prepare the way go before the Lord to before me. . . ” prepare his ways” (Malachi 3: 1) (1: 76) • “The people who • “to give light to those walked in darkness who sit in darkness have seen a great and in the shadow of light …” (Isaiah 9: 2) death”
Select References • Brown, Raymond E. The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke. Garden City: Doubleday & Co. , 1977. • Witherington, Ben. “Birth of Jesus. ” Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Eds. J. B. Green, S. Mc. Knight, I. H. Marshall. Downers Grove: Inter. Varsity Press, 1992. Pp. 60 -74.
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