BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT In the perspective

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT In the perspective of the state of WB

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • Government of India has accorded high priority • • • to hydro power development with a view to harness economical and environment benign power for the country especially to meet the peaking demand. Hydropower potential in the country 1, 50, 000 MW Hydropower harnessed so far 37, 000 MW (25%) The desirable hydro thermal mix 40: 60 Ratio all over the country 25 : 75 only The figure in our state of West Bengal represents a sorry state being as low as 3 : 97.

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • Fast dwindling resources of fossil fuel today, at the rate that is 100, 000 times faster than they are being formed. and threat of global warming and climatic disorder, this ratio even puts a big question mark to the survival of mankind in this planet. • The development of non-conventional sources (solar, wind, tidal etc. ) appears to take miles to go to become a viable alternative. How far are we ready to meet the challenge in our state ?

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT Supply of Coal in India ( mt) 2005 -06 2006 -07 2007 -08 Domestic Sources 407 431 456 Imports 39 43 50 Total Supply 446 474 506

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT Demand-Supply Gap in India (mt) Year 2002 -03 2003 -04 2004 -05 2005 -06 2006 -07 2007 -08 2008 -09 Demand-Supply Gap 22 23 24 49 54 30 58

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT So Are We Caring Enough For Hydropower ? ? ? Are We Caring Enough For Ourselves

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • Like every applied subjects understanding the scenario of hydro power centres round the following fundamental questions : • • • WHY WHAT WHO ? ? ? - • WHEN ? • WHERE ? • HOW ? - WHY HYDRO POWER ? WHAT IS HYDRO POWER ? WHO SHOULD DEVELOP HYDROPOWER ? WHEN TO DEVELOP HYDRO POWER ? WHERE TO DEVELOP HYDROPOWER ? HOW TO DEVELOP HYDRO POWER ? • The answers are sought in the foregoing sections.

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT From water to watts : Hydro-electric power plants convert the kinetic energy contained in falling water into electricity. Stages of energy transformation : Falling water is chanellised through a vertical distance to a turbine which converts kinetic energy of water into mechanical energy. the generator coupled with the turbine converts mechanical energy into useful electrical energy.

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • Range of plant sizes : hydro-electric power plants generate energy ranging from a few kw, enough for a single residence, to thousands of MW, power enough to supply a large city. • Engineering aspects : Hydropower engineering encompasses many branches of engineering and other disciplines for the purpose of hydropwer development.

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • Engineering aspects : ü Civil engineering needed for site selection depending upon hydrology, hydraulic studies etc. and then for design & construction of dam, water conductor system, power house etc. ü Mechanical engineering involved in the design, manufacture & selection of the turbines, bearings, valves, gears, governors etc. needed to convert hydraulic to mechanical energy. ü Electrical engineering involved in design, manufacture & selection of generators, control systems, switchgears, transformers etc. Besides environmental impacts and economic analysis are performed by respective professionals.

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • 250 BC : The first recorded use of water power was a • • clock Since that time human beings have used falling water to provide power for grain and saw mills 1882 AD : The first use of moving water to produce electricity was a waterwheel on the fox river in wisconsin in, two years after Thomas Alva Edison invented the incandescent light bulb. The first of many hydroelectric power plants at niagara falls was completed shortly thereafter 1897 AD : The first hydroelectric power plant in india and probably in asia too at Sidrapong, Darjeeling with the installation of 3 units of 65 kw capacity each

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • Hydro development is not a under shed job • Its expanse is vast under the sky. In fact nature like hills, river etc are parts of the project rather than machineries • Hydro power stabilizes grid which is predominantly thermal based.

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT P=Cx. Qx. H

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT The gross average annual energy (E in k. Wh) is a function E = f (Q median, Hn, turbine, generator, gearbox, transformer, g, h) Where: Qmedian = flow in m 3/s for incremental steps on the flow duration curve Hn = specified net head hturbine = turbine efficiency, a function of Qmedian hgenerator = generator efficiency hgearbox = gearbox efficiency htransformer = transformer efficiency h = number of hours for which the specified flow occurs.

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • • inherent advantages INSTANTANEOUS START / STOP PEAKING POWER FACILITY ZERO FUEL COST, SO LOW O&M COST HIGH EFFICIENCY Non-polluting & environment-friendly RENEWABLE EASY MAINTENANCE MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS • LONG GESTATION PERIOD • HIGH CAPITAL INTENSIVE • HIGH COST TRANSMISSION LINES • REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT (R&R) • INTER-STATE ISSUES

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS • LAND ACQUISITION • POOR INFRASTRUCTURE • FOREST & ENVIRONMENT CLEARANCES • SHORTAGE OF GOOD CONTRACTORS • FIXED TARIFF FOR ALL PROJECTS IRRESPECTIVE OF INFRASTRUCTURE COST

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT Major components • Intake structure • Desilting chamber • Head race channel • Surge tank • Penstock

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT • Power house Ø Main inlet valve ØSpiral case & wicket gates ØDraft tube ØTurbine ØGenerator ØGovernor ØAuxiliaries & station services ØSwitchgear, control & relaying ØTail race channel

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT Classification of Hydraulic Machines • according to the type of flow of water Ø Axial flow turbines Ø Radial flow turbines Ø Tangential flow turbines

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT Classification of Hydraulic Machines • according to the action on fluid Ø IMPULSE turbines Ø REACTION turbines

BEST PRACTICES OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT Classification of Hydraulic Machines • according to the action on fluid Ø IMPULSE turbines Ø REACTION turbines

CONSTRUCTION • Presenttrend of contract for project implementationcalls for the Quality Management of Hydro Power Construction on E. P. C. (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contract basis which needs few dedicated quality engineers. • E. P. C. attracts big houses of hydro power developers and thus quick and hassle - free hydro development is possible. • Existing hydro stations constructed forty years ago could even produce highest generation on 37 th year.

BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS • Jaldhakaand Rammam Hydel Projects hailed as one of the 36 Power Stationsof India having more than 99% operating availabilityduring 2002 – 2003 and 2003 – 2004 as per C. E. A. (Central Electricity Authority) publication. • Important social contribution for upliftment of rural mass. • So far Hydro Potential identified in conventional sector accountsfor 1150 MW (approx. ) including 90 MW of SHPs. Besides, there is 4000 MW identified pump storage potential.

BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS • So far 172. 5 MW of Hydro potential in conventional sector is harnessed. • 900 MW under Pumped Storage mode is on the verge of completion • Hydro potential under implementationstage on BOOM basis is 436 MW ( 120 MW of RHP-III+ 292 MW of TLDP-III& IV + 24 MW of Balason HP). • Hydro potential under DSI stage is 231 MW (30 MW of Rammam Ultimate+ 40 MW for TLDP-I + 60 MW for TLDP-II + 50 MW of Torsha HP + 48 MW of Raidak HP + 3 MW of Pedong SHP).

BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS • Hydro potential to be taken up for investigationis 180 MW (150 MW of TLDP Intermediatebetween Rongpo and Melli on Teesta River + 30 MW of Rongpo HP). • 15% of the identified conventional Hydro-potential has been harnessesd so far ( SHP included). • 37. 74% of identified conventional Hydropotentialtaken up for implementation.

BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS • 20. 08% of identified conventional Hydropotential taken up for investigation. • 15. 65% of identified conventional Hydropotential remains to be taken up for investigation. • 5. 8% of total conventional potential (30 SHPs with total capacityof 66. 70 MW) is under private developers through WBREDA

BENIFITS AND SOME STATISTICS On action has still been taken regardingthe 5. 73 % of the Identified potential. These mainly consists of low head canal fall developmenton existing and proposed irrigation canals and few SHP 's on hilly rivers.

IMPORTANT POINTS OF HYDRO DEVELOPMENT. • Long gestation time of development. Thus needing application of modern management practice (e. g. System design technique in construction). • Establishment of strong contract cell. • Systematic development of human resources through systematic study/training in the field of hydro-power to enrich the personnel working in the field. • Commercial viability is most important parameter of selecting a project for implementation considering the impediment/difficulty associated with it. • Better pay packet for the personnel engaged in hydro-power development in line with other central agencies working in hydro-power sector. In fact the amount involved is meager in comparison to the benefit accrued. • Development of belongingness to the organization through creation of a new necessity of purpose in individuals.

SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS. a) Study for the year 2006 -07 of Jaldhaka Hydel Project Total generation = 147. 143 MU Auxiliary consumption = 1. 226 MU Energy sent out = 145. 917 MU Operational cost = Rs. 1. 29 Crores Maintenance cost = Rs. 2. 57 Crores Administration cost including Head Office expenses of Rs. 2. 09 Crores = Rs. 4. 06 Crores Total = Rs. 7. 92 Crores Interest on capital = Rs. 2. 43 Crores Depreciation = Rs. 1. 33 Crores Total running expenditure = Rs. 11. 68 Crores Cost of generation = Rs. 11. 68 x 107 / 145. 917 x 106 = Rs. 0. 80 Considering Rs. 0. 10 per unit as transmission cost, the average sale rate of power = Rs. 3. 02 per unit (Rs. 3. 12 – Rs. 0. 10) Profit = Rs. 145. 917 x (Rs. 3. 02 – Rs. 0. 80) x 106 = Rs. 32. 39 Crores in a year.

SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS. a) Study for the year 2006 -07 of Jaldhaka Hydel Project The Study reveals that though, one of the power station of Jaldhaka Hydel Project has already covered 39 years of its continuous operation still generation from the said power station is economically viable and profitable.

SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS. b) Study for the year 2006 -07 of Rammam Hydel Project, Stage-II Total generation = 231. 152 MU Auxiliary consumption = 2. 883 MU Energy sent out = 228. 269 MU Operational cost = Rs. 1. 12 Crore Maintenance cost = Rs. 1. 29 Crore Administration cost including Head Office expenses of Rs. 15. 46 Crores = Rs. 17 Crore Total = Rs. 19. 58 Crore Interest on capital = Rs. 16. 10 Crore Depreciation = Rs. 8. 69 Crore Total running expenditure = Rs. 44. 37 Crore Cost of generation = Rs. 44. 37 x 107 / 228. 269 x 106 = Rs. 1. 94 Considering Rs. 0. 10 per unit as transmission loss, the average sale rate of power = Rs. 3. 02 per unit (Rs. 3. 12 – Rs. 0. 10) Profit = Rs. 228. 269 x (Rs. 3. 02 – Rs. 1. 94) x 106 = Rs. 24. 65 Crore in a year.

SAMPLE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPED MAJOR HYDRO POWER STATIONS. Such example could also be shown for Mungpoo-Kali Khola H. E. Project. Teesta Canal Fall Hydel Project suffers, being subordinatescheme. Facility developed by other government utility was utilized to develop hydro power with the promise that definite quantity of discharge will be maintained at the canal system at different months and the economics was drawn accordingly. As the promise failed, so the project. At the advent of creation of Distributionand Transmission. Companies from the erstwhile WBSEB, nearly Rs. 500 Crore of capital burden of the project has been graciously exonerated by Govt. of West Bengal and which could change the financial scenario of the project after 2008 November. The Irrigation& Waterways. Directorate(I&WD), Govt. of West Bengal has taken up repair of their M. M. C. since 2005 November which would end in November, 2008 with relief of 3 to 4 months every year for generation.

Rough calculation of economics of generation from Rammam Stage-III Hydel Project being constructed under BOOM. Plant Capacity Probable unit Generation Plant load factor Construction cost Interest on capital @ 13. 5% & depreciation @ 2% annually : : 120 MW 540 MU 51. 37% (a) @ Rs. 6 Cr. / MW = Rs. 720 Cr. (b) @ Rs. 7 Cr. / MW = Rs. 840 Cr. (a) @ 15. 5% x Rs. 720 cr. = Rs. 111. 6 Cr. /Year i. e. 15. 5% Running cost @ Rs. 5 Cr/Yr. [As prevailing at RHP, Stage-II] Fixed + Running cost = Rs. 116. 6 Cr. (b) @ 15. 5% x Rs. 840 Cr. = Rs. 130. 2 Cr. Running cost @ Rs. 5. 0 Cr. Fixed + Running cost = Rs. 135. 2 Cr.

Rough calculation of economics of generation from Rammam Stage-III Hydel Project being constructed under BOOM. Cost of generation at plant load factor of 51. 37% (a) 116. 6 x 107 / 540 x 106 = Rs. 2. 16/kwh (b) 135. 2 x 107 / 540 x 106 = Rs. 2. 50/kwh P. L. F. 40% (a) Rs. 2. 77 / kwh (b) Rs. 3. 21 / kwh P. L. F. 50% (a) Rs. 2. 22 / kwh (b) Rs. 2. 57 / kwh Average PLF between 40% and 51. 37% (a) Rs. 2. 47 / kwh (b) Rs. 2. 86 / kwh Available unit 85% of 540 MU = 459 MU Free power to Sikkim 12. 5% of 540 MU = 67. 5 MU Purchased cost (a) 459 x 2. 47 / kwh = Rs. 113. 37 Cr. (b) 459 x 2. 86 / kwh = Rs. 131. 27 Cr. Power Available for Sale (459 – 67. 5) MU = 391. 5 MU Revenue at Rs. 3. 12/unit for 391. 5 MU = Rs. 122. 15 Cr. Thus in case of cost of development is Considered as Rs. 6 Cr. /MW, the yearly gain = Rs. 122. 15 Cr. - Rs. 113. 37 Cr. = Rs. 8. 78 Cr. In case of cost of development is Considered as Rs. 7 Cr. /MW, the yearly loss = Rs. 131. 27 Cr. - Rs. 122. 15 Cr. = Rs. 9. 12 Cr.

Rough calculation of economics of generation from Rammam Stage-III Hydel Project being constructed under BOOM. • No transmission loss is considered. • Interest charge on capital, depreciation and maintenance cost of transmission line are not considered which as per agreement is to be built by WBSEDCL. • The tariff for sale of power to WBSEDCL would be decided by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission as per agreement. • Cost control is essential for benefit of WBSEDCL.