Bell Ringer The Progressives shared these 3

Bell Ringer • The Progressives shared these 3 main beliefs: • Angry at excesses of capitalism and urban growth • Social cohesion and common bonds were necessary to understand society and economics • Citizens needed to be politically and socially active to improve social conditions • Do you share their ideology or do you disagree with them? Explain.

The Progressives Chapter 20

Progressive Movement • Between 1890 and WWI many people called themselves “progressives” • These progressives were not united on how to fix society • Progressives opposed Social Darwinism • They used the evangelical Protestant social gospel movement as inspiration • Urged Christians to end poverty, inequality, and economic greed

Progressive Movement • Women take the lead on community reforms • Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago • It provided day nursery, dispensary for meds and medical advice, a boarding house, an art gallery and a music school • This was her way of avoiding the typical female careers of nursing, teaching, or library work • Florence Kelley led the way for state and federal legislation to address issues • Her report on the Hull House was the first scientific study of urban poverty in the US • Because of her laws limited women to 8 hour workdays, banned children under 14 from working and abolished tenement labor

Progressive Movement • The urban political machine was dominated by the Democratic party • They provided services to immigrants and businesses in exchange for votes • Politicians would offer government jobs, help with legal problems, and food/coal in bad times • Political machines were often tied to organized prostitution and gambling • Many politicians began as saloonkeepers, liquor dealers, and beer brewers • Other businesses linked to the organization were vaudeville and burlesque theaters, boxing, horse racing, and baseball

Progressive Movement • The “good government movement” sought to make city management a non-political process by using business techniques • After the 1900 hurricane that leveled Galveston, TX businessmen convinced the state to replace the mayoral system with a board of commissioners • Robert La Follette, gov. of WI, focused on state level reform • He achieved tougher corporate taxes, improved civil service code, and railroad regulation • He used the Univ. of WI to research people’s needs and based his bills on that • Other states soon followed the “Wisconsin Idea”

Progressive Movement • Journalism fueled reform by exposing poverty, corruption, worker abuse, and immoral businesses • Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives • S. S. Mc. Clure published Mc. Clure’s • Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of Two Cities and Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company were examples of “exposure journalism” • Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle which is a tell-all about the stockyards and meatpacking industry • T. Roosevelt gave these journalists the name “muckrakers”

Progressive Movement • [T]he meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. • Upton Sinclair The Jungle

Progressive Movement

Progressive Movement • The Supreme Court still typically sided with business over employees • Lochner v. New York the Court struck down the state’s right to set a 10 hour work day for bakers • Oliver Wendell Holmes (a justice) opposed these views saying that it was not the Constitution’s place to make such a call • Note: Muller v. Oregon was upheld because it was a limitation of women’s work hours

Social Control and its Limits • Progressives believed that immigrants threatened morality • They pushed for social control • Eugenics • Prohibition was a focus of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union • Worked on homeless shelters, Sunday schools, prison reform, child nurseries, and suffrage as well • Movement was typically favored by middle class Protestants • Opposed by Catholic and Jewish immigrants, and German Lutherans

Social Control and its Limits

Social Control and its Limits • Same groups fought against “social evil” • Prostitution was not acceptable to have around • Mann Act made it illegal to take women across state lines for “immoral purposes” • Entertainment came in the form of amusement parks, dance halls, municipal parks, YMCAs, and other rec centers • High school education was altered to teach citizenship, ethical character, health and family life as well as vocational courses • Some college prep was occurring

Working Class Communities and Protests • Samuel Gompers created the American Federation of Labor • Its goal was to organize the unions into groups based on labor type • EX: United Mine Workers of America and Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners

Working Class Communities and Protests • Because unions were “male, Caucasian only” it weakened their ability to present a united front against employers • The United Mine Workers was an exception • The National Association of Manufactures established “open shops” • Helped supply strikebreakers, private guards, labor spies and prevented walkouts

Working Class Communities and Protests • Some workers were more radical • The Socialist Party and Western Federation of Miners came together to create the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) • Called the Wobblies • Sought to abolish the wage system through takeover of the “employing class” • Strikes and sabotage were common tools • Wobbly leaders included William Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and Joseph Ettor

Working Class Communities and Protests • Bohemians • From Greenwich Village, NYC • Artists, poets, social workers, lawyers, and political activists from the middle-class • Open to socialism and anarchy, rejected marriage and supported birth control • Marx Eastman published The Masses • John Reed wrote “The purpose of The Masses [is to] attack old systems, old morals…”

Working Class Communities and Protests • Bohemians • Artists, poets, social workers, lawyers, and political activists from the middle-class • Open to socialism and anarchy, rejected marriage and supported birth control • Gave rise to Margaret Sanger (birth control advocate), and Freud’s work in the US

Women’s Movement and Black Awakening • In 1870 1% of Americans went to college (20% were women) • By 1900 5% went to college (40% were women) • Margaret Sanger pushed the issue of birth control • Arrested a few times over “obscenity” laws she gained publicity for the cause • African Americans were usually working in menial jobs • 4: 5 still lived in the South

Women’s Movement and Black Awakening • Washington sought to change the negative stereotypes by proving to the others that African American deserve respect and to be valued • Wrote Up from Slavery • Privately worked to halt disenfranchisement and segregation • W. E. B. Du Bois was less accepting of a dominant white society • Condemned Washington’s philosophy and supported the Niagara movement • Protested segregation, exclusion of blacks from unions and voting rights issues • The Niagara movement led to the development of the National Advancement of Colored People

National Progressivism • Born sickly, but wealthy • Went into politics despite it being “beneath him” • Became the youngest president to hold office (42 years old) • Knew how to get the public to follow him • Recognized social injustices frankly

National Progressivism • T. R. forced the Justice Department to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act • Northern Securities Company (illegal railroad merger) was first target • Fought to the Supreme Court (Northern Securities v. US) US won the case • 43 more cases were filed under the Sherman Antitrust act • T. R. got the reputation of “trustbusting”

What is in this political cartoon? • Leash on “good trusts” says “restraint”

National Progressivism • T. R. didn’t want to destroy big companies, rather he wanted regulation of the businesses • Hepburn Act strengthened the ICC • Food and Drug Administration created to regulate consumables

National Progressivism • T. R. was a conservationist • Sponsored the National Conservation Commission • U. S. Forest Service

National Progressivism • T. R. stepped down after two terms • Didn’t like how Taft was running the country • Came back and ran on the “Bull Moose” or Progressive ticket • He split the Republican vote, leading to the election of Woodrow Wilson

Taft’s Tub • Taft did get stuck in the tub, so this tub was installed to accommodate him