BEGINS Hi there I m O J Simpson

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BEGINS

Hi there. I’m O. J. Simpson. The OJ is short for Orenthal James, but in my career people just called me OJ or the Juice. Now for the benefit of people who don’t know me I played NFL ball and became a celebrity and household name. I made fantastic amounts of money and became very wealthy. I married my fabulous wife, Nicole, and had two children. Then there was a divorce, but that’s common among us celebrities. As I aged some would have expected me to fade away as so many stars do, but I was accelerated into the media limelight one last time in the Trial of the Century. –the state versus OJ Simpson. The police found my ex wife and another man brutally murdered in the garden in front of her house. They thought that I must have done it. They put a bunch of evidence together to frame me and put me behind bars for a double murder I didn’t commit. Well you know something, justice prevailed and I was acquitted. That’s right, for once the American legal system worked and my innocence was proven in the criminal case prosecuted against me. Now this trial is from 1995 so probably a lot of you kids don’t know what happened. Let me educate you.

Now just a minute OJ. I think this young audience needs to hear the truth about the trial and they probably want to hear it from the lawyers who handled the case, not the suspect. Johnnie Cochran here! I want some time to discuss the case also. Hi kids, I’m Marcia Clark, one of the lead prosecution attorneys. The actual trial was on TV and the four main characters other than OJ were myself, Johnny Cochran the defence attorney, Judge Ito and detective Mark Fuhrman. The media blitz on this began before the trial when OJ was pursued by the state police on a major freeway (the story was that he was going to kill himself). He finally surrendered and we began the formal trial. I felt very confident about the case we had developed against OJ because of the huge amount of evidence, especially DNA evidence, which was unusual for a criminal trial. The factors that hindered our case were: 1. OJ had tremendous popularity, 2. OJ had expensive defence attorneys 3. The trial was televised 4. The lack of a witness, murder weapon and fingerprints. 5. Trial location of LA rather than Brentwood – jury from inner city rather than suburbs where OJ lived (his peers? )

I’m sorry Johnnie, but you’re dead now and you’ll have to leave it to the living to tell the story. Don’t worry, I won’t misquote you. Being dead sure is a bummer. I got a brain tumour from all that cell phone use. You know lawyers, always on their cell phones. Johnnie, you can’t prove that the cell phone gave you cancer. Anyway, let’s move on. I’m sure you students are wondering why the OJ trial is the backdrop for your power-point tutorial on PCR and RFLP. Well the reason is because the OJ trial was the first really big trial where the evidence depended primarily upon these high tech biological tools. And let me tell you did we have the evidence!! I couldn’t believe the crimescene. There was blood everywhere. OJ’s ex-wife’s throat had been slit so deeply that she was practically decapitated. Pretty much all her blood spilled on the sidewalk in front of her house. But there’s more. A young man, Ron Goldman was also found stabbed to death in this small area.

Let me show you how such a violent crime could be committed right in your front yard without anyone seeing it. Take a look at the crimescene of Nicole’s Condo at 875 Bundy. You should never live in a house where the front is concealed like this. Crime can occur behind the walls unobserved. Now only look at these pictures if you are not offended by violent crime scenes. If you are OK with the gore, look at the interior walkway. Yes those stains are blood and testing revealed that the blood originated from three people. Nicole Simpson, Ron Goldman and OJ Simpson. You just have to realize that the cops contaminated the evidence to frame me. The real murderer was allowed to get away with it because of your incompetence

Now here is where we need a lesson in the techniques used to determine whose blood is found at the various locations. In order to do a DNA analysis on the sample it may be necessary to increase the amount of DNA from the sample. This can be done with the technique called PCR is short for polymerase chain reaction. The original DNA strand is AMPLIFIED. PCR = DNA AMPLIFICATION We have to obtain blood for analysis. The white blood cells (shown of the left) have a nucleus and thus have DNA that we can analyze. Since most of the blood is plasma and red blood cells, there really is not a lot of DNA even in a large quantity of blood. The PCR technique is performed in vitro in the lab. It is good for rapid production of small amounts of DNA. Larger quantities, however, are better made by gene cloning of cells.

Genomic DNA region to be examined is isolated. Original target strand of DS (double stranded) DNA to be copied 1. DENATURATION STEP Expose the sample to 950 C. This causes the hydrogen bonds holding the DNA strands to break. This is only a brief exposure to this temp. 1 -9 min

2. ANNEALING STEP Cool to 500 C This allows primers to form hydrogen bonds with ends of the target sequence 20 -40 sec 3. EXTENSION STEP Extension from primer 5’ to 3’ END OF CYCLE 1 Heat to 720 C. A special HIGH TEMP. DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) is used to build the complimentary DNA strand (normal DNA polymerase would denature at temp in step 1) 5 -15 min

CYCLE 2 – REPEATS STEPS 1 -3 1. DENATURATION STEP 2. ANNEALING STEP nd Constant length strand gt hs tra d Va ria ble len n gth Co n le nt sta an str 3. EXTENSION STEP Each constant length strand at this point is annealed to a variable length strand.

CYCLE 3 – REPEATS STEPS 1 -3 1. DENATURATION STEP Constant length single strand 2. ANNEALING STEP Constant length single strand 3. EXTENSION STEP Constant length double strands exactly to target sequence 2 in 8 here

These constant length strands correspond exactly to the target sequence and although there are only ¼ of the sample after the 3 rd cycle, consider that after 20 cycles they will outnumber all other varieties by a billion or more to one! Skeptics –Go ahead, you do the math. The target sequence can then be utilized for analysis. Devised in 1985, Kary Mullis is credited for the development of the technique. PCR machines are now standard equipment in biotechnology and forensic science labs. PCR machinethermo cycler I was on the OJ defence witness list to help out OJ at the trial. I was never called to the stand, but I ‘ll bet the defence wanted me to talk about the occasional errors during PCR replication which imposes limits on the number of good copies created. This could be to their benefit because it would raise doubt with the jury about the accuracy of the process, especially if you look at the math and probability figures. Reasonable doubt in a criminal case can get you off the hook in this system.

PCR is very versatile in its ability to create more DNA. The DNA can be tested a variety of ways once the DNA has been produced. It is the primary method of dealing with small DNA samples which are the norm in CSI investigations. PCR analysis run on a gel. The gene was tested in three tissue samples. Two different primers were used. If a cell line did not have the primer, it would not have any DNA amplification and no line would appear on the gel. On the sample shown, : A 1 kb ladder was used to determine the band sizes Tissue 1 lacks the gene so the primer never engaged to amplify any DNA Tissue 2 and 3 show they have the gene as the primer engaged and the DNA amplification is obvious from the bands.

Get DNA sample (called the reference sample) buccal swab Small amount of DNA from cheek cell nuclei will be amplified with PCR Store and prepare sample for analysis Electrophoresis of PCR-amplified DNA fragments. (1) Father. (2) Child. (3) Mother. The child has inherited some, but not all of the fingerprint of each of its parents, giving it a new, unique fingerprint. You can work backwards from this to determine paternity.

Controversy surrounds Mullis’s contribution to the Taq polymerase that is needed to keep the polymerase process working in the heat cycles. Error rates for Taq polymerase are about 1 in 9000 nucleotides. What is Taq polymerase and where is it found you ask? This hot spring in Yellowstone National Park contains scalding hot water and living bacteria! Bacteria called T. aquaticus in hot springs and have heat stable DNA polymerase called Taq polymerase Mr Mullis also did not mention some of his beliefs, which would probably surprise most people when coming from a Nobel Prize winning scientist. For example he believes that astrology predictions are scientifically valid , Avogadro’s number is inaccurate and HIV does not cause AIDS. Since the PCR technique was new at this time, the science and founding scientist was also being put on trial.

Lets get back to the criminal case against OJ. I did not mention where all this blood evidence was found at the crime scene, so here is a more detailed description. Several coins with fresh blood drops identified behind condo in the car park area OJ blood spatter consistent with a wound dripping from left hand or arm as OJ walks toward the back of the house via this sidewalk. Bloody footprints ID as Nicole Simpson and Ron Goldman blood. Shoe is size 12 very rare Bruno Magli. Tracks lead to street behind house. Murder occurs between 10: 15 and 10: 40 OJ had about an hour of no alibi. ( he says he was sleeping) 9: 3510: 50 with short drive distance to murder scene. OJ blood

We determined that Ron Goldman’s connection was that he was returning some of Nicole Simpson’s property she had left at the restaurant where he worked. Looks like he was at the right place but at the wrong time. From the evidence you are probably getting the picture of the murder and the method of escape of the culprit. Now here’s more. Now give me a minute Marcia. . Hey listen kids I did not do this. I was at home sleeping and waiting for my limo ride to the airport for a scheduled trip to Chicago. I could not have done these murders besides I was ready to driven off by the chauffeur. The chauffeur called at 10: 40 but was unable contact you until 10: 55. Also, who did he see on your gated property that fit your description moving across the driveway into the house just before he talked to you? He also said that he did not see your White Bronco SUV at the Rockingham curb entrance when he was there at 10: 22. It seems that somehow it appeared there as the chauffeur waited at the Ashford gate

nco Bro He probably just didn’t notice my car. As for why I was late, I simply slept in. As for the figure he saw, that was probably Kato Kaelin, he lives in the guest house. Yes Kato said he heard a thump on his wall at I was holding a glass in 10: 50, at 10: 55 he was 20 feet away from the my hand it broke. It limo and at 10: 58 he let the limo in. By the way caused the cut. what happened to your left hand that day? tion ASHFORD ST. o loca Lim : 55 on 10 cati to lo Ka on ati loc Dark fig by ch ure sighte auffe ur 10 d : 55 Allen Park= limo driver

Hi there students. I’m detective Mark Fuhrman and I was one of the main investigators as I discovered quite a bit of the evidence. Let me tell you a little about myself. I’m not some rookie cop. I rose up through the ranks the hard way and I have had plentiful experience dealing with hardened criminals. If you haven’t experienced the violence of a big city like LA, you really don’t know my job. I developed my detective skills on the street and although police work is ‘by the book” my superiors knew that if they wanted something done, I was the man. Here is my perspective on the case. With the murder of Nicole Simpson, my job was to immediately begin investigating before the trail got cold. Experience states; murdered ex spouse- check out current and past relationships. Nicole had no current boyfriend- and that left her ex husband as the primary suspect at that point. Now OJ and Nicole were no “fairy tale” couple and my instinct told me OJ killed her. (I also knew something inadmissible in court. OJ used to beat Nicole up. I knew because I got the domestic abuse call) At the crime scene I, along with other police, discovered a knit hat and a right hand glove – size XL- Aris lite. So after looking at the crime scene, it became obvious how the murders were committed and how the killer made his escape. I then left it to CSI to gather the blood evidence and I and 3 other detectives sped off to check on OJ.

When I got to OJ’s Rockingham mansion, I was unable to contact him via the intercom and phone. OJ’s mansion was gated and so that meant I would normally need a search warrant to gain access to any part of the property. OJ’s Bronco SUV was on the road and locked. I looked in and could see what appeared to be blood stains on the interior door handle. I’m thinking my instinct was right. We would need a warrant to inspect the truck and gather the evidence. I was not going to just walk away from this one and wait for the warrant. I, like any good cop nosed around to see if there was anything I could find to solve the murder. Well guess what, I saw something behind Kato Kaelin’s guesthouse; the same spot he heard the thump. It was a bloody right hand glove- size XLbrand Aris light, but it was on the other side of the fence. Now, I knew I needed to gather that as evidence before it got destroyed —so I hopped the fence and obtained it. Lawyers may say that was an illegal search, but there is a loophole in that if I physically see something pertaining to the case, I may obtain it without a warrant. Of course I was not supposed to be snooping around, the law doesn’t like that. I could, however, look around the property for a suspect or victim, and that was what I was doing. Obtaining the glove was okay under “probable cause. ”

Now let me tell you kids the real story about this Fuhrman guy Johnnie, you’re dead. I told you no participation. I’m resurrecting myself to balance this story. Listen kids, Fuhrman is a racist, and I can prove it. He was trying to frame OJ with false evidence. He probably found both gloves at Bundy and when they told him he was not going to be lead investigator on this huge case, he took one of them to Rockingham. He planted it in the little alleyway behind Kaelin’s house ( no one would see him there, including the other detectives) so he could frame OJ and he could gain fame from the case. I’m not a racist and I did not want to frame OJ. I just did my job. You say you are not a racist. Have you ever used the n------ word to describe black people? No I don’t do that and I am not a racist I’m sorry Mr Fuhrman but you have used that term many times and I have numerous authentic tapes to prove it. You lie and are lying about this case to frame a successful black man!

This sure is one sloppy murder. We have blood evidence everywhere. The only thing lacking is the knife murder weapon and fingerprint evidence since the killer wore gloves. Let’s summarize the blood evidence found throughout the investigation. 1. Blood evidence at Bundy matches OJ (0. 5. % of population could match) 2. Blood in Bronco- Nicole Simpson Ron Goldman and OJ blood smeared in various locations but especially on floor carpet imprint of Bruno Magli shoe and, steering wheel 3. OJ fresh blood smeared in foyer, master bedroom and bathroom of this Rockingham house as well as drops in driveway and behind Bronco. . 4. Black socks in OJ master bedroom have bloodstains from Nicole Simpson ( invisible unless tested because blood does not show up on the black colour) 5. Rockingham bloody glove has OJ blood, Nicole Simpson blood and Ron Goldman blood RFLP is more precise but requires more blood. PCR can be used with small samples

So lets take a look at how RFLP is used to identify a match and catch a criminal. RFLP = RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS A POLYMORPHISM is any difference in DNA sequence, either coding or non coding that can be detected between individuals. In forensics, non coding regions contain VNTR’s variable number tandem repeats (also called microsatellites) that are unique to individuals. We begin by establishing the identified samples. 1. The suspect, victims etc. In this case we needed known samples of OJ blood, Nicole’s blood, Ron’s blood. We do RFLP analysis on these DNA samples. 2. The unknown samples collected from the crime scene and other locations can then be compared to see if they match. Now remember, these samples could potentially exclude a potential suspect. If we found DNA evidence in the blood we analyzed that did not match our suspects, we would have been out looking for a killer other than OJ. Of course, that was not the result of our tests.

The technique starts with cutting the genome with restriction endonucleases into small pieces. From your previous work, you know we can use endonucleases. These will each cut the DNA in different locations and can give us different DNA profiles depending upon cut locations. Lon gs not trand cut

Now if you cut a genome with this technique, you have the problem of there being too many bands on the electrophoresis gel. There are just so many genes that many are the same length and migrate the same or almost the same distance. In order to isolate only certain bands, a technique called Southern Blotting is used. . Electrophoresis gel Too many bands to establish matches

In order to isolate only certain bands, a technique called Southern Blotting is used. . DNA is transferred to nitrocellulose paper and denatured to single stranded DNA The term Southern blotting comes from Edwin Southern the originator of the method.

Once the transfer to nitrocellulose is complete Nitrocellulose paper blot is exposed to radioactively labelled DNA sequence single stranded probe in plastic bag. This will only combine and stick to the blot if it matches the DNA code. Put Southern blot in bag Take the blot out. Hybridization of DNA strand together have occurred. Northern and Western blots use the same principle, but Northern analyzes RNA and western analyzes protein polypeptide. Both techniques are a play on Southern’s name. AUTORADIOGRAM Expose the blot to an X ray film Hybrid DNA is the only one that will show up because of the radioactive label

Here is a comparison between the southern blot and the autoradiogram. Notice how specific the autoradiogram is. It only shows a band where the DNA has been marked with the radioactive label. This means the Probe, could now be used on both suspect and evidence to see if they match with the same bands. If they do, it is likely the same DNA sequence, hence the same DNA. This whole process can be repeated with the use of a different restriction endonuclease to see it the matches occur at different loci. This improves precision of the DNA test. Do you understand?

ch mat No match You can see how in this example the sample matches plant A but not plant B

I hope you do understand because you are in biology and highly motivated. I am counting on this jury group to understand the significance of PCR and RFLP too. They don’t seem to have a problem with it when they watch Jerry Springer. Get the paternity test!

Here is an autoradiogram that reveals how codominance in flower colour relates to the DNA genetics You can see how the pink flower shares some of the matches between the Red flower and the white flower. It is unique, yet it matches both. This is the way paternity tests are used. Notice how these samples were exposed to two different restriction enzymes Eco. RI and Hind. III to improve precision.

Let me tell you kids some information that was not in the trial. You can’t do that. You’re dead Nicole. Well so are you Johnnie, and nothing is stopping you. 1. I told family and friends weeks before my murder that OJ was going to kill me. He threatened to kill me before and I told everyone he would get away with it “He’ll charm the world because he’s OJ Simpson” I made a will because I thought this might happen 2. I bought you the exclusive (1 in 200) Aris lite gloves at Bloomingdales in 1990 as a present from my heart. There are plenty of pictures of you wearing them. You are just a total sick jerk to kill me wearing them. –And the knife- It’s like I knew you would kill me with a knife. 3. When the cops told you I was murdered, you did not ask about our two children who you knew were with me. I guess you knew they were safe because you did it! 4. You never made any effort to find my “real killer” but you convinced the jury there was one 5. I know I rejected having you at the kid’s dance recital that night, but we were divorced for a reason. Is that why you killed me or are you jealous that maybe I had a new relationship? You spied the candles in the bathroom that night. I was Divorced!!!! 6. OJ you didn’t get attacked by the ferocious Akita dog that night because he knows you 7. You stole my spare keys – the cops found you with 2 sets to my condo. 8. I was the victim of serious domestic abuse when we were married. OJ beat the heck out of me and I put the picture proof in a safety deposit box if it was ever needed. I figured no one would believe me because the public impression is OJ is a great guy. OJ and the unprincipled lawyers crushed my efforts to get justice from the grave. . . What more could I have done?

Here is some more hard evidence that was in the court case. I’m telling you I felt confident in a guilty verdict for the suspect due to this “mountain of evidence”. Maybe you feel that way too. 1. OJ was on his cell phone in his Bronco at 10: 03 2. Bloody glove at Rockingham had blonde hair consistent with Nicole’s 3. Wool cap at Bundy had OJ consistent hair and Bronco fibres 4. OJ consistent hair on Goldman’s shirt 5. Dark blue fibres on Goldman’s shirt consistent with OJ outfit verified by Kato Kaelin. 5. Simpson wore size 12 shoe. Photos show him wearing Bruno Magli 6. Killer did not run from the crime scene 7. Left and right hand gloves matched 8. Kato said he loaded OJ’s bags into the limo except one that OJ would not part with. That bag was never seen again.

And here is a sketch of the jury I had to convince. I thought they could be fair. I thought they would be able to listen to the arguments and be unbiased. After all, who would ever want to set a murderer free? Judge Ito, I can’t believe jury selection techniques you allowed. I hope your career is over like mine was after this. Marsha, I’m sorry but I have to inject some street smarts here. Were you reading your jury correctly? Too much time at the idealistic university disconnects you from reality. Jury selection was done properly. Two of us have college diplomas, 9 high school and one drop out. None of us read newspapers, but we all watch tabloid TV. Five of us had problems with the police. Five feel physical force is OK to subdue a family member and 9 believe that professional athletes are less likely to murder. No one on this jury was conservative Republican—all Democrats

I’m telling you this Fuhrman guy is out to get OJ. He found the critical evidence. The gloves, the socks, the Bronco. He planted the evidence. Look, he perjured himself under oath when he denied using the n------ word. This is reasonable doubt, as he had opportunity to contaminate the evidence. He probably put the blood sample evidence collected by the police from OJ to spread it over the crime scene evidence. There was some blood missing form OJ’s sample no one in the lab can account for Here’s the famous line used by Cochran. If it don’t fit you have to acquit. That is right Marcia. You can see OJ has to struggle to get the glove on. He would not wear that! It’s a crumpled leather glove left outside, soaked in blood and frozen and unfrozen several times. If you know anything about leather, it’s when it’s wet it shrinks. Plus he has rubber gloves underneath. Come on! I’m sure the jury is smart enough to see the truth.

Furthermore, the police and the DNA lab have botched all their tests. They are just incorrect. Do you realize that the DNA testing lab made errors in 1988 -89 Those were just quality control tests and they have not occurred since. We made the samples available for you to test also, if you think it’s so inaccurate, why don’t you hire a firm to do your own tests? You do realize that the jury will do the right thing and acquit my client. They don’t like you, they don’t understand your rants and they know OJ is the good guy. Nicole probably deserved what she got-likely from some low life she associated with. You know her friend was on drugs don’t you? And detective Fuhrman. He is like Hitler. He is a ”genocidal racist, a perjurer, America's worst nightmare and the personification of evil. "[

. Lots of people have the same blood type Jury deliberates for 4 hours before arriving at a verdict for the longest trial case in California history. VERDICT; OJ NOT GUILTY

Of course I’m not guilty. Do you think all these women would be dating me if they believed I murdered Nicole? I don’t think so. They know what a great guy I am. Dating models, fun times, I’m so glad justice was done. Now I can continue leading my charmed life. I even get full custody of my kids. OJ you killed my son, Ron Goldman, and I won the civil case. You owe me a lot of money , but I wish I could just have my son back. Too bad I can’t put you in jail because you are a murderer. I think I’ll write a book to make a bunch of money off this case. It’s like a second career only easier to get the money from the public. I love America! Oh yeah. Did I forget to mention that I have a 300000 dollar a year pension from the NFL that no one can ever touch, not even the Goldmans with their suit. Great deal huh? Thanks to all you supporters of the NFL.

If you like the idea of the criminal justice system, there a lot of opportunities for you. You may be interested in the law program at our school. Forensics and Biotechnology are programs now offered at the University of Windsor. Pursuit of a law degree in conjunction with your biology background as an undergrad would give you a unique perspective on the science of criminal investigation Biotechnology skills are in high demand. PCR AND RFLP THE END ©Double. K

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