BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES BY

BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES BY R. BHARGAVA / A. R. SHENDYE

CONTENTS q q q DEPARTMENT SETUP / ORGANOGRAM POWER SYSTEM OF MGCC ROLES, RESPONSIBILITY AND AREAS OF EACH SECTION ACT AND STATUTORY APPLICABLE EQUIPMENT AND THEIR SELECTION IN CLASSIFIED AREA CES-E/ WORK SHOP FACILITIES MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES TASK ANALYSIS, RISK MITIGATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS TYPES OF MAINTENANCE, SCHEDULING/PLANNING ILLUMINATION ELECTRICAL SAFETY

ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT SD HEGDE CHEMICAL PLANTS POLYMER PLANTS PP LDPE LLD GC DHC S/S-7 CT-01/CT-02 FW/RW DM IWWTP COMP. HOUSE TANK FARM RVB SOGEMANE S. MANICKA M RVP FOPE(4) SVK RKB PMK BA RMG DBP SBK FOPE(3) TECH. / Khalasi 15 / 2 TECH. 2 PIPL EO/EG N 2 O 2 NKL AG FOPE (2) NKL ADS SAC FOPE( 3) KMS NBJ PP MAW RMC FOPE(3 ) ANTHRES VGP S. ROY SBD FOPE(2 PSC TECH. / Khala si 11 / 1 TECH. 10 TECH. / Khalasi 16 / 4 TECH. / Khalasi 20 / 4 TECH. 1 IOP / O & U TECH. / Khalasi 25 / 3 CPP CES WORKSHOP PKS NUD AAK TECH. / Khalasi 14 / 5 TEL HVP DHK TECH. / Khalasi 8/2 D&M/ TDM / PE SKH SUJ SM ARS SPK FOPE(1) TECH. / Khalasi 6/2 T/S KKP R. MARNDI PVP BBD VBN SP ASP NVB SRK MVV FOPE (4) TECH. 5 TECH. 20

MANPOWER ELECTRICAL as on 01. 02. 2007 HOD : S D Hegde VP(E) 01 GM and 01 Tech. is working with CMG group.

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ] IPCL-MGCC receives electrical power from MSEB at 220 k. V (2 circuits). ] This 220 k. V is step down to 11 k. V, which is then synchronized at our captive power plant (CPP) generation at 11 k. V. ] CPP is having 03 gas turbines of 20 MW each, Frame size 5 (AEG- KENIS, Germany make) and one steam turbine of 25 MW (AEG-KENIS) with a total generation capacity of 64 mw. ] Load flow control and monitoring is done through Electrical Control System (ECS) located at CPP. ECS system takes care of mainly: - Active / Reactive power control - Load shedding in case of Generator / prime mover failure - Auto changeover at HT/LT boards - Online monitoring and data logging

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ] There are 14 nos. of Electrical Substations (Including T/S) having 11 k. V, 6. 6 k. V, 415 v, 3Ø, 50 Hz supply system feeding to various loads. ] These substations are supplied with redundant 11 k. V supply as Incomer-1 and Incomer-2 from CPP. ] There is manual transfer scheme provided in switchboard for transferring the load from one bus to other without affecting connected load.

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ] Motors above 160 k. W are fed through either 6. 6 k. V or 11 k. V switchboard. ] Motors more than 55 k. W and up to 160 k. W are fed from 415 V PCC. ] Motors up to 55 k. W are fed from 415 V MCC. ] DG sets are provided at: - CPP of 867 k. VA for black-start purposes - GC of 500 k. VA for emergency supply like id fan etc. - LDPE of 250 k. VA for refrigeration at catalyst storage bunkers.

TYPICAL SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (GC PLANT) BUS 1 (1250 A, 40 KA For 1 Sec. ) X X ( FROM CPP ) 11 KV, 1250 A, 750 MVA FOR 1 Sec X x x 5/6 MVA, Dy. N 11, X 11/6. 9 KV, X Z-7. 28%, 11/0. 433 KV, 2 MVA Z-6. 25%, Dyn 11` NGR- x VCB-630 A, 22 KA FOR 1 sec M X PCC 100 KVA, 415/ 433 V, Dyn 1, D ry type, X-mer X M>55 KW x To 6. 6 KV MOTORS X x 11/0. 433 KV, 2 MVA Z-6. 25%, Dyn 11` BUS-6. 6 KV 250 MVA x M X 415 V, 31 MVA FOR 1 SEC X X MCC, 415 V LDB’S LIGHTING LOADS X M X X X 15. 24 OHM M 6. 6 KV 415 V, 5 MVA FOR 1 SEC BUS 2 M< 55 KW X M> 55 KW

MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS TOTAL NOS. OF HT MOTORS 80 NOS. TOTAL NOS. OF LT MOTORS 1800 NOS APPROX. TRANSFORMERS 79 NOS(FROM 0. 5 TO 33. 3 MVA) VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES 60 NOS UPS SYSTEMS 16 NOS (FROM 10 KVA TO 100 KVA ) RECTIFIERS (BATTERY CHARGERS) 25 NOS

CONTROL SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT PLC & DCS SYSTEMS 110 VAC (UPS) FIELD INSTRUMENTS 110 VDC (RECTIFIERS WITH BATTERY BACK UP) CONTROL SUPPLY FOR ELECT. PANELS 220 VDC (RECTIFIERS WITH BATTERY BACK UP) SUPPLY FOR COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS 24 VDC – FIRE ALARM 48 VDC – EPABX 60 VDC – NEUMANN (ALL WITH RECTIFIERS AND BATTERY BACK UP)

RESPONSIBILITIES (PLANT) PLANT MAINTENANCE DEPT : q PREVENTIVE AND PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE PLANNING q MAINTENANCE BUDGETING q MAINTENANCE OF SUBSTATION AND FIELD EQUIPMENTS o CABLES, TRANSFORMERS, MOTORS, o HT / LT SWITCHBOARDS o DG SET, BATTERY BANK o PLANT LIGHTING, SERVICE BUILDING LIGHTING q MATERIALS MANAGEMENT q SUPPORT SERVICES

RESPONSIBILITIES (CES) ELECTRICAL REPAIR SHOP o o o o REPAIR AND OVERHAUL OF MOTORS, TRANSFORMERS, CABLE FAULT LOCATION RELAY TESTING AND ELECTRONIC CARD REPAIRS. AIR CONDITIONING [CAC , WAC, SAC], REFRIGERATORS, WATER COOLERS NON-PLANT BUILDING & STREET LIGHTING CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS TROUBLESHOOTING AND DESIGN MODIFICATION o TROUBLESHOOTING OF SPECIAL SYSTEMS LIKE VSD, o MAINTENANCE OF UPS AND BATTERY CHARGERS. o DESIGN & MODIFICATIONS SUPPORT FOR FCO / RELIABILITY.

RESPONSIBILITIES (CES) PLANNING AND COORDINATION Ø CO-ORDINATION WITH VENDORS FOR MAJOR SHUTDOWN Ø STATUTORY REPORTS / MIS COMPLIANCE Ø CO-ORDINATION WITH STATUTORY AUTHORITIES LIKE ELECTRICAL INSPECTOR, MSEB, LIFT INSPECTOR, ELECTRICITY DUTY INSPECTOR COMMUNICATION Ø TELEPHONIC EXCHANGES FOR PLANT/TOWNSHIP Ø MODIFICATION IN TELEPHONE NETWORK Ø WIRELESS AND WALKIE-TALKIE SETS Ø NEUMANN COMMUNICATION Ø FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS Ø PIPELINE COMMUNICATION

THE STATUTORY ACTS WHICH REGULATE THE USAGE OF ELECTRICITY IN INDIA 1. THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003 2. THE FACTORIES ACT 1948 3. THE MINES ACT 4. THE LIFTS ACT 5. THE BOMBAY ELECTRICITY DUTY ACT 1958 6. THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES 1956 - ABOVE ACTS CONTAINS IMPORTANT CLAUSES GOVERNING THE INSTALLATION AND USE OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. - IT IS A DUTY OF EVERY ONE TO STUDY THEM CAREFULLY AND COMPLY WITH THEM. REMEMBER : - “IGNORANCE OF LAW IS NO EXCUSE”

STATUTOY COMPLIANCE

SRA & JOB CONTRACTS ü ü ü LT MOTOR REWINDING STREET LIGHT MAINTENENCAE SRA FOR MISC. ELECTRICAL JOBS O&M OF CENTRAL A/C HT/LT BREAKER MAINTENANCE TELEPHONE NETWORK MAINTENANCE AMC FOR TELEPHONE EXCHANGE AMC FOR ENPL UPS SYSTEMS AMC FOR OTIS/OLYMPUS ELEVATORS SRA FOR HT CABLE TERMINATIONS/JOINTING SRA OF CABLE TUNNEL MAINTENANCE SRA FOR ELECTRONIC CARDS REPAIRS

CONDITIONING MONITORING • THERMOGRAPHY OF ALL HT/LT CRITICAL PANELS, EQUIPMENTS ONCE EVERY 4 MONTHS. • TEMPERATURE MONITORING BY THERMOHUNTER ON REGULAR BASIS. • MOTOR CURRENT SIGNATURE ANALYSIS OF ALL CRITICAL HT/LT MOTORS EVERY SIX MONTHS. • VIBRATION MONITORING OF ALL ROTATING EQUIPMENTS (MONTHLY/BIMONTHLY) • TRANSFORMER OIL TESTING BDV ONCE IN A YEAR AND (CHEMICAL/DGA) ONCE IN TWO YEARS. Contd…

CONDITIONING MONITORING • CONTACT RESISTANCE AND TIMING MEASUREMENT OF HT BREAKERS BASED ON CHANCE MAINTENANCE. • PHYSICAL CHECKING OF ALL HT/LT CABLE JOINTS IN TUNNEL/OVERHEAD TRAYS ON REGULAR BASIS. • IR VALUE OF TRANSFORMERS, MOTORS BASED ON CHANCE MAINTENANCE. • TAN DELTA TESTING • CT/PT TESTING

FACILITIES AVAILABLE AT CES(E) 1 PHASE POWER ANALYSER AC / DC EARTH FAULT LOCATOR CABLE FAULT LOCATOR PORTABLE BATTERY CHARGER INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY CAMERA RELAY TESTING KIT ELECTRONIC MOTOR CHECKER

MAINTENANCE DEFINITION • THE MAINTENANCE OF ALL TECHNICAL AND ASSOCIATED ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS INTENDED TO RETAIN AN ITEM IN, OR RESTORE IT TO, A STATE IN WHICH IT CAN PERFORM ITS REQUIRED FUNCTION (STATED CONDITION). ( BS 3811: 1984) • THE ENGINEERING DECISIONS AND ASSOCIATED ACTIONS NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF SPECIFIED CAPABILITIES • [CAPABILITY IS THE ABILITY TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC ACTION WITHIN A RANGE OF PERFORMANCE LEVEL. ] (MESA-MAINTENANCE. ENGINEERING. SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA)

WHAT IS TO BE MAINTAINED? The list of Electrical equipments, location wise which needs to be maintained. A. SUB-STATION ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS 1. HT/LT (PCC/MCC) PANELS 2. TRANSFORMERS (POWER/DISTRIBUTION/LIGHTING) 3. LIGHTING/SERVICE BOARDS 4. UPS AND BATTERY CHARGERS 5. BATTERY BANKS 6. CONTROL PANELS FOR SPECIFIC EQUIPMENTS 7. PROCESS INTERLOCKS 8. ANNUNCIATION PANEL 9. ECS PANELS 10. EMERGENCY DG SETS 11. JUNCTION BOXES IN FIELDS

WHAT IS TO BE MAINTAINED? B. A/C PLANT AND PRESSURIZATION C. EMERGENCY DG SET D. FIELD ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS 1. MOTORS AND LOCAL CONTROL STATIONS 2. MOVS 3. EOT CRANE 4. SPECIFIC EQUIPMENTS 5. POWER/LIGHTING PANELS 6. LIGHTING FIXTURES 7. PANELS FOR HYDROJETTING M/C CONNECTION 8. WELDING RECEPTICLES 9. SINGLE PHASE POWER POINTS 10. HAND LAMP CONNECTIONS 11. FIRE ALARM MCP 12. JUNCTION BOXES FOR FIRE ALARM/NEUMANN COMMUNICATION

WHAT IS TO BE MAINTAINED? D. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS IN CONTROL ROOM 1. PANEL FOR FIRE ALARM 2. PANEL FOR NEUMANN EXCHANGE 3. CONTROL PANELS FOR SPECIFIC EQUIPMENTS 4. POWER CABLE END TERMINATION IN INST. PANELS 5. CONTROL CABLE END TERMINATION IN FIR 6. LIGHTING FIXTURE INCLUDING EMERGENCY LIGHTING 7. LIGHTING/POWER PANELS/POINTS E. CABLING 1. POWER CABLES 2. CONTROL CABLES 3. END TERMINATIONS 4. STRAIGHT THROUGH JOINTS

MAINTENANCE-WHY? • TO IMPROVE / ENHANCE Ø PERFORMANCE Ø LIFE OF EQUIPMENT Ø RELIABILITY • TO SAVE TIME AND MONEY • TO REDUCE / ELIMINATE BREAKDOWN

MAINTENANCE TYPES PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE RCM – RELIABILITY CENTERED MAINTENANCE

SOURCES OF DEFECTS FAILURE Collateral damage. (bearing seizure, damaged shaft) WORKMANSHIP What they do; not what they could do. Not just skill and motivation… the system as well. (being so reactive and time-pressed so as to fail to align the pump before bringing it to line. ) DESIGN Design not fitting current use, could be poor initial design. MATERIALS Defects in mfg, storage, handling and sourcing OPERATIONS Normal wear & tear, operational practices

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CONSISTS OF PERFORMING REGULAR MAINTENANCE ON A TIME SCHEDULE. IT IS AN EXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE THAT SIMPLY MASKS AND DELAYS THE ROOT CAUSES OF FAILURE. PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE CONSISTS OF APPLYING EARLY WARNING TECHNIQUES TO DETECT SMALL AMOUNT OF DAMAGE BEFORE THEY LEAD TO CATASTROPHIC FAILURE. EXPENSIVE REPAIRS REMAIN IMMINENT. PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE FOCUSES ON IDENTIFYING THE ROOT CAUSE OF FAILURE AFFECTING THE SYSTEM. PROPERLY APPLIED, IT COMMISSIONS CORRECTIVE ACTION TO ELIMINATE THEIRS BEFORE DAMAGE HAS OCCURRED. WHILE PREDICTIVE AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ARE EFFECTIVE TO A DEGREE, NEITHER FOCUS ON DETECTING THE ROOT CAUSE OF FAILURE. FOR TRUE EXPENDITURE CONTROL, A PROACTIVE APPROACH IS REQUIRED.

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE BASED ON A “RUN TO FAILURE” PHILOSOPHY. OFTEN RESULTS IN MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES EXCEEDING ANNUAL PROFIT. RELIABILITY CENTEREDMAINTENANCE (RCM) FIX THE PROCESS, NOT JUST THE PROBLEM. TO GET OTHER DEPARTMENTS TO ADJUST, TO WORK OUT NEW, MORE PRODUCTIVE ARRANGEMENT THAT SOMETIME CROSS TRADITIONAL BOUNDARIES OR SHIFT TERRITORIES OR RESPONSIBILITIES AND GET DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TO EVEN ACCEPT EACH OTHERS IDEA.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ØSCHEDULED/PLANNED q RELAY TESTING q EARTHING BONDING TESTING q MOTOR PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE q UPS / BATTERY CHARGER MAINTENANCE ETC. ØCHANCE BASED MAINTENANCE SINGLE LINE EQUIPMENT AND CRITICAL EQUIPMENT WHICH NORMALLY CAN NOT BE RELEASED FOR MAINTENANCE.

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE CONDITION MONITORING THE CONTINUOUS OR PERIODIC MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA TO INDICATE THE CONDITION OF AN ITEM TO DETERMINE THE NEED FOR MAINTENANCE. (BS 3811 : 1984) THE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE INITIATED AS A RESULT OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONDITION OF AN ITEM FROM ROUTINE OR CONTINUOUS MONITORING. (BS 3811 : 1984)

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE CONDITIONING MONITORING IS DONE FOR THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS § VIBRATION § PRESSURE § HEAT/TEMPERATURE § LOADING TREND § ALIGNMENT § LUBRICATING GREASE/OIL § POWER QUALITY MONITORING § WEAR AND TEAR § NOISE § BEARING CONDITION

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE CHANCE BASED MAINTENANCE RELAY TESTING EARTHING / BONDING CHECKING PANEL MAINTENANCE TRANSFORMER OVERHAULING/ PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OVERHAULING / PM OF CRITICAL MOTORS AND SINGLE LINE EQUIPMENT BATTERY BANK MAINTENANCE UPS AND BATTERY CHARGER MAINTENANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ETC.

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING BDV, DGA/ CHEMICAL TESTS ON TRANSFORMER OIL MILLIVOLT DROP TESTS ON BREAKERS/ CONTACTORS CONTACT VACUUM TEST ON VACUUM BOTTLE OF VCB TAN-DELTA & CAPACITANCE TEST FOR MOTORS, TRANSFORMERS, CABLES. MCSA TEST ON RUNNING MOTORS PARTIAL DISCHARGE TEST, RATIO, POLARITY AND KNEE POINT VOLTAGE TESTS ON CT& PT. CONTACT RESISTANCE TESTS FOR THE JOINTS/TERMINATIONS. THERMOGRAPHIC SURVEY FOR HT/LT PANELS

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE HISTORY/TREND MONITORING BASED ON THE HISTORY AND TREND DECISION IS TAKEN TO CARRY OUT MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY MTBF- MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURE IS ONE OF THE CRITERIA TO DECIDE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY.

PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE IMPROVES EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY q INCREASES MEAN TIME BETWEEN FAILURE. q IDENTIFIES IMPROPERATING CONDITIONS. q CORRECTS PROBLEMS WHILE STILL THEY ARE MINOR. q IMPROVES THE RELIABILITY OF REPAIRS. q DEVELOPS MORE EFFECTIVE EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS. q MAINTAINS THE ACCURACY OF SENSITIVE COMPONENTS. q ALLOWS FOR ROOT CAUSE FAILURE ANALYSIS. q AUTOMATICALLY PROVIDES PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE CAPABILITIES.

PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE REDUCES MAINTENANCE AND OPERATING COSTS § ELIMINATES REPEATED MAINTENANCE WORK. § IDENTIFIES POTENTIAL PROBLEMS PRIOR TO MAJOR OVERHAUL § REDUCES SPARE PART INVENTORY. § IMPROVES PERSONAL EFFICIENCY. § AVOID RUSH SHIPMENT COSTS. § IMPROVES MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES. § LOWER MANDATORY OVERTIME REQUIREMENTS. § IMPROVES EQUIPMENT OPERATING EFFICIENCY. § REDUCES WASTED POWER CONSUMPTION. § REDUCES PRODUCTION LOSS INSURANCE RATES.

PROACTIVE MAINTENANCE INCREASED PRODUCTION CAPACITY q LESS UNPLANNED DOWNTIME. q REDUCED QUALITY PROBLEM AND LOWER REJECTION RATED q EXTENDED EQUIPMENT LIFE. REDUCED UNIT PRODUCTION COSTS q INCREASED PRODUCTION DUE TO LESS DOWNTIME. q REDUCED COST DUE TO LOWER REJECTION RATES. q REDUCED COST DUE TO START UP AND SHUTDOWN LOSSES. IMPROVED SUPPLIER PERFORMANCE q TREND SERIOUSNESS AND FREQUENCY OF REPAIRS q PERFORMANCE FEEDBACKS FOR EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENTS q ELIMINATE DOUBT DURING WARRANTY CLAIMS q TRACK PERFORMANCE BEYOND WARRANTY PERIOD

RELIABILITY CENTERED MAINTENANCE • FORM A CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAM TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM. • WIDEN YOUR VIEWS TO UNDERSTAND THE CAUSE OF PROBLEM. • USE BRAINSTORMING SESSION AND 5 WHY PRINCIPLES TO ARRIVE AT ROOT CAUSE. • USE P-D-C-A CYCLE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.

ILLUMINATION 1) SAFE AREA LIGHTING 2) LIGHTING IN CLASSIFIED AREA (IS 2206)

ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENT SR. NO. TYPE OF AREA LUX LEVEL 1 OUTDOOR AREAS, YARDS, ROADS, PARKING AREAS 20 2 CONTROL PANELS 150 3 TRANSFORMER BAY, BATTERY ROOM, BLOWERS, SWITCHYARDS 100 4 STAIR CASE, STORE ROOMS, CORRIDOR GENERAL LIGHTING 100 5 CABLE CELLAR / BASEMENTS, CORRIDORS AND LIFT CARS 70 6 CONFERENCE ROOMS, GENERAL AND EXECUTIVE OFFICES 300 7 ENTRANCE HALL AND RECEPTION AREAS 150 8 GARAGE IN TOWNSHIP 70 9 CONVEYERS 50 10 ROUGH WORK AREAS, FOR E. G. FRAME ASSEMBLY, ASSEMBLY OF HEAVY MACHINES 150

ILLUMINATION REQUIREMENT SR. NO. TYPE OF AREA LUX LEVEL 11 REACTOR AREAS, BOILERS, GALLERIES ETC. 150 12 BOILER HOUSE AND TURBINE HOUSE 100 13 BOILER PLATFORMS 50 14 BURNER PLATFORMS 110 15 OIL STORAGE TANKS, PLATFORMS, BOILER & TURBINE DECKS 50 16 CHEMICAL AND GENERAL LABORATORY 300 17 SHEET METAL WORKS SUCH AS PRESSING, PUNCHING, SHEARING, STAMPING, SPINNING, FOLDING 200 18 CONDENSERS, DE-AERATOR FLOOR, EVAPORATOR FLOOR, HEATER FLOOR 55 19 CONTROL ROOMS : 200 TO 300 20. VERTICAL CONTROL PANELS 200 TO 300 21. CONTROL DESKS 300

ELECTRICAL SAFETY HOW SHOCK OCCURS ELECTRICITY TRAVELS WHEN THERE IS A CLOSED CIRCUIT & ITS NORMAL ROUTE IS THROUGH A CONDUCTOR. ELECTRIC SHOCK OCCURS IN THREE WAY.

WHEN PERSON COMES IN CONTACT WITH BOTH LIVE WIRES

WHEN PERSON COMES IN CONTACT WITH ONE LIVE WIRE AND HE IS STANDING ON GROUND

WHEN PERSON USING TOOLS OR MACHINE WHICH IS HAVING FAULTY INSULATION AND STANDING ON GROUND

SEVERITY OF SHOCK OTHER INJURIES ARE INDIRECT OR SECONDARY NATURE SUCH AS INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE REACTION FROM ELECTRICAL SHOCK CAN CAUSE BONE FRACTURE OR EVEN DEATH DUE TO FALLING FROM HEIGHT. WHEN SHORT CIRCUIT OCCURS THERE ARE CHANCES OF FIRE OR EXPLOSION WHICH MAY LEAD SEVERE DAMAGE OR FATALITY.

EFFECT OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY 50 HZ AC PASSING THROUGH BODY FOR 1 SECOND, THROUGH THE ROUTE LEFT HAND TO BOTH FEET TO EARTH. CURRENT EFFECT UPTO 1 MA NO SENSATION 1 MA TO SENSATION – BUT NOT PAINFUL 8 MA TO 15 MA PAINFUL SHOCK 15 MA TO 20 MA MUSCULAR CONTROL LOST 20 MA TO 50 MA SEVERE MUSCULAR CONTRACTION 50 MA TO 200 MA VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION POSSIBLE DEATH ABOVE 200 MA SEVERE BURNS SEVERE VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION HEART ARREST

PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARD • • • INSULATION GROUNDING / EARTHING CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES USE OF STANDARD ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES. PROPER AND REGULAR MAINTENANCE. USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT WITH ADEQUATE RATING AND AREA CLASSIFIED. • GUARDING • SAFE WORK PRACTICES • TRAINING