Baikal The student has executed Historical faculty Faculty

Baikal The student has executed Historical faculty Faculty of a world history Comrade Kucherenko Yury

General Information Baikal – is the biggest lake in southern part of Western Siberia, the deepest lake in the world, the greatest supply of fresh water. Lake and local territories defines by unique difference of flora and fauna. Many species are endemic. Local inhabitants traditionally consider Baikal as a sea. Length: 636 kilometers Width: 79, 5 kilometers Total area: 31 722 square kilometers Length of coastline: 2000 kilometers The greatest depth: 1642 meters Flowing rivers: Selenga, Top Angara and more than 336 waterways. Flowing out river: Angara

Contents • 1 Geography • 1. 1 Geographical situation • 1. 2 Depths • 1. 3 Water • 1. 4 Flowing in and flowing out rivers • 1. 5 Characteristics of water • 1. 6 Ice • 1. 7 Climate • 1. 8 Islands • 2 Origin of Baikal • 3 Plants and animals of Baikal • 4 History of settlement and exploring of Baikal • 4. 1 Colonization of Baikal • 4. 2 The origin of name «Baikal» • 4. 3 Deep-water drilling • 4. 4 Underwater researches • 5 Ecology • 5. 1 Industrial production • 5. 2 Eastern oil-line • 5. 3 Baikal as a territory of World`s Natural Legacy • 5. 4 Exploration and defence of Baikal • 5. 5 Tourism • 5. 6 Places of interest • 6 Interesting Facts • 7 Myths and legends about Baikal • 8 Films • 9 Baikal in philately • 10 Old map of Baikal • 11 Gallery • 12 Literature • 13 References • 14 See also

Geographical situation Baikal

Depths

Flowing in and flowing out rivers Selenga is the biggest flowing river of Baikal.

Characteristics of water Water in Baikal is very clear, that`s why we can see stones and different objects on big depths.

Ice

Islands Olhon island Shaman Rock.

Climate Winds on Baikal usually make big waves. (Painting «Wave of Baikal» )

Origin of Baikal Debates about origin of Baikal are taking place, until now.

Plants and animals of Baikal

Deep-water drilling Seats of drilling of the Baikal bottom in 1993 -1999.

Underwater researches Underwater inhabited apparat "Pices-XI".

Deep-water devices "MIR".

Industrial production Paper plant pollute water and atmosphere near Baikal.

Exploration and defence of Baikal The countries at which there are representations the Green Peace.

Tourism

Places of interest Chersky Peak is the most popular place among tourists.

Interesting Facts

Myths and legends about Baikal On a legend the Shaman-stone should block a way enamoured in Yenisei Agore.

Baikal in philately 1959 year: Lake Baikal

1966: Baikal Sturgeon 1966: Baikal Grayling (Umber) 1966: Fishing fish of Baikal

Old map of Baikal Old map of Irkutsk province (lake Baikal), 17 th century.

Gallery Sunset on Baikal.

Geographical situation Baikal is situated in the centre of Asia, at the border of Irkutsk region and Bury at Republic. Total area of Baikal – thirty-one thousand seven hundred twenty-two square kilometers. For example, territories of Netherlands or Dania are equal to Baikal. Lake is gathered round by rocks and hills, that`s why west coast is rocky, east coast is more regular. Depths Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Modern value of maximum depths was established in 1983 (nineteen eighty-three) by Sulimov. Maximum depth was confirmed by new researches in 1999 (nineteen ninety-nine). Middle depth is also very big – seven hundred forty-four meters.

Water Baikal has big supply of fresh water – twenty-three thousand six hundred fourteen (nearly 19% of world`s supply). Flowing in and flowing out rivers More than three hundred and thirty-six rivers and springs are flow in Baikal. The biggest are Selenga, Barguzin, Turka, Snegnaya, Sarma. From Baikal flows out only one river – Angara.

Characteristics of water Baikal`s water is rich by oxegen, has no organic dirts. Water in lake is usually cold, even in summer upper layers doesn’t exceed 8 -9 degrees. Water in Baikal is very clear, that`s why we can see stones and different objects on big depths. At this time water is blue, but during summer and autumn it is green, due to activity of plants. Ice From January to May, Baikal is frozen. By the end of winter, thickness of ice comes to 2 meters. Ice of Baikal is very unusual. For example, in 1930 were found extraordinary ice hills – they are endemic too.

Islands There are 27 islands on Baikal: Uskan islands, Olhon island, Yarky island etc. The biggest one is Olhon. Climate Baikal has big influence on local climate. Winter is usually mild, summer is cool. Some features of local climate conditioned by especial winds.

Origin of Baikal Debates about origin of Baikal are taking place, until now. The age of Baikal is about twenty-five – thirty-five million years. This fact makes it unique, because such lakes usually «live» only five – ten thousand years. But there is a version about «young» Baikal, published by professor Tatarinov couple years ago. For example, modern coastline is only eight thousand years old. Moreover, transformation of Baikal takes place even today. Plants and animals of Baikal There are more than two thousand six hundred thirty spicies of plants and animals in Baikal. More than two quarters are endemics, for example nearly twenty-seven spicies of fish live only in Baikal. Among fish in lake live: burbot (налим), pike (щука), umber (хариус) and etc. The most interesting fish – golomyanka, which travels from bottom to upper layers several times during day. Crayfishepishura (also endemic of Baikal) – filters water in lake, oligohets take part in this process too.

Colonization of Baikal In eleventh century near Baikal lived Barkuts. Later, in this lands came Buryats. Firstly, they settled western banks of Baikal, after it – all lands around it. Russian settlements appear on the banks of Baikal in seventeenth century. The first Russian explorer of Baikal was Cossack Kurbat Ivanov. The origin of name «Baikal» The origin of this name wasn’t exactly established. Russian trailblazers of Siberia used name, that was given to Baikal by Evenks. From the beginning of seventeenth century Russian researches started to use name, that was given by Buryats – Baigaal. At the same time, they replaced «g» on «k» . As a result, modern name of Baikal was formed.

Underwater researches First divings of on Baikal were held in 1977. Bottom was analyzed by underwater system «Pices» . In 2008, were held another expedition, with the help of underwater system «MIR» .

Industrial production In 1966 was started production on Baikal`s Paper Industrial Complex. Therewith, bottom territories started degradation, emissions of dust has negative influence on local forests. Despite of , a factory continues to work by nowadays. Eastern oil-line During construction of oil-line «Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean» there was a plan to lay canal track in immediate proximity to Baikal. , canal track was replaced.

Baikal as a territory of World`s Natural Legacy In 1996 Baikal was included in List of objects World`s Natural Legacy. Exploration and defence of Baikal There a lot of organizations, which explore and defend Baikal. For example: in Russia and etc.

Tourism You can get Baikal by different ways. As a rule, people at first, go to Irkutsk or Ulan. Ude. Within seventy kilometers, there is settlement Listvyanka – the most popular place among tourists. Around lake passes Big Baikal Path – system of ecological paths, one of the ways for tourists to admire picturesque landscapes of Baikal. Places of interest On Baikal and around of it there a lot of nature and, cultures monuments, and historical and archeologic places of interest. Some of them are listed below. Northern Baikal Rock the Shaman-stone Chivyrkuiskiy gulf Ushkani islands Sandy Bay Burkhan Cape on island Olkhon Ludar Cape Rytyj Cape Peak Chersky – 2090 m above sea level Circumbaikal railway

Interesting Facts Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Apostle of Anarchy). In the spring of 1859 has occured transfer of a political prisoner Bakunin to Irkutsk. He has stayed there 2 years, but on June, 5 th, 1861 he escaped from Irkutsk across lake Baikal, Japan and America to England to London where has been accepted by Herzen in structure of publishers of "Bell". On Baikal there started his scientific activity outstanding theorist of Anarchism , revolutionary and geographer – Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin. He made the assumption, in consequence proved to be true that the river Irkut originally ran into Baikal, and already then became inflow of Angara. Through R. Pumpelli Kropotkin has published a note About earthquake on Baikal in 1862 in the Italian scientific magazine, and it was its first publication abroad. In 1875 has expressed opinion that formation of the Baikal hollow is connected with earth crust splits. Assumed that Baikal consists of two parts: northern and southern, divided by a line going from the Sacred Nose to Olkhon. Many objects are named in honor of Kropotkin, environments them: a mountain ridge, a volcano and a city. In detail: Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (in Russian) In detail: Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin (in Russian)

Audiobooks At desire to familiarize with any product – you can address to the author of presentation – they are available. =) Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin: 1) God and the State - 3: 13: 30 (185 799 997 byte) – in English 2) Equal Opportunity in Education (4) - 00: 18: 30 (17 764 505 byte) – (in English Peter Alexeyevich Kropotkin: 1) Anarchy: Collection - 24: 54: 08 (1 432 775 504 byte) – in Russian 2) The Conquest of bread - 6: 46: 01 (389 950 972 byte) – in English Format: Unabridged 3) Mutual Aid - A Factor of Evolution - 9: 28: 16 (545 671 921 byte) – in English

Myths and legends about Baikal One legend says, that Father-Baikal has three hundred thirty-three sons and one daughter-Angara. They flowed in Baikal, bringing him water. Later Angara fell in love with Enisey. She started to bring her water to him. In response, Baikal cursed her. Then he threw at Angara huge piece of rock. This rock, that was called Shaman-Stone is situated in the beginning of this river. Films In 1969(nineteen sixty-nine) was released film «By the lake» . In 1992(nineteen ninety - two) was released popular science film «Legends of Baikal» . Film says about geographical and natural features of lake.

Literature • Байкал // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп. ) – СПб. , 18901907. • Галазий Г. И. Байкал в вопросах и ответах – 1989. • Графов С. В. , Колотило Л. Г. , Поташко А. Е. Лоция озера Байкал. Адмиралтейский № 1007 – СПб. : ГУНи. О, 1993. • Гусев О. К. , Устинов С. К. По северному Байкалу и Прибайкалью / Фотоиллюстрации О. Гусева, В. Ломакина, М. Минеева, Л. Тюлиной – М. : Физкультура и спорт, 1966. – 104 с. – (По родным просторам). – 17 000 экз. • Гусев О. К. Вокруг Байкала. Фотоальбом – М. : Советская Россия, 1979. – 240 с. • Гусев О. К. Священный Байкал. Заповедные земли Байкала – М. : Агропромиздат, 1986. – 184 с. • Колотило Л. Г. Байкал // Морской энциклопедический словарь – СПб. : Судостроение, 1991. – Т. 1. – С. 108. • Колотило Л. Г. Военные моряки Байкала: проблемы исторической реконструкции деятельности военных моряков российского флота по физико-географическому изучению и освоению озера Байкал в XVIII-XX вв – СПб. : Наука, 2004. – 560 с. • Колотило Л. Г. , Андриенко В. Г. Трансбайкальский перекрёсток: проблемы транспортных путей и железнодорожной паромной переправы через озеро Байкал на рубеже XIX-XX вв – СПб. : Наука, 2005. – 520 с. • Колотило Л. Г. Дриженко Ф. К. // Морской энциклопедический словарь – СПб. : Судостроение, 1991. – Т. 1. – С. 426. • Лоция и физико-географический очерк озера Байкал / Под ред. Ф. К. Дриженко – СПб. : Издание Главного гидрографического управления, 1908. – 443 с. • Талиев Д. Н. Байкал: Биолого-географический очерк. 1933. • Тиваненко А. В. Вокруг Байкала – Улан-Удэ: Бурятское книжное издательство, 1979.

References озеро. Байкал. инфо – информационный сайт о Байкале Природа Байкала О Байкале и не только baikalinfo. com – a project of Baikalplan Association (англ. ) (нем. ) Байкальский проект Гринпис Greenpeace Russia Baikal Campaign (англ. ) Объект Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО «Озеро Байкал» на сайте Фонда «Охрана природного наследия» See also Птицы Байкала Байкальская нерпа Олигохеты озера Байкал Балхаш (теплоход) Баргузин (тип речных судов) Экспедиция «„Миры“ на Байкале» Большой Кадильный

Thanks for attention , Comrades!