Baidrakhmanov Yerkebulan Group МТ-13 -01 Ship A

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Baidrakhmanov Yerkebulan Group: МТ-13 -01

Ship A ship is a large buoyant watercraft. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size, shape and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people orgoods, fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare. Historically, a "ship" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. In armed conflict and in daily life ships have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35, 000 in number, carried 7. 4 billion tons of cargo in 2007. [1] As of 2011, there about 104, 304 ships with IMO numbers in the world. [2] Ships were always a key in history's great explorations and scientific and technological development. Navigators such as. Zheng He spread such inventions as the compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as colonizationand the slave trade, and have served scientific, cultural, and humanitarian needs. After the 16 th century, new crops that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world population growth. [3] Ship transport has shaped the world's economy into today's energy-intensive pattern.

Types of ships See also: List of types of naval vessels and List of boat types Because ships are constructed using the principles of naval architecture that require same structural components, their classification is based on their function such as suggested by Paulet and Presles. , [44] which requires modification of the components. The categories accepted in general by naval architects are: • High-speed craft - Multihulls including wave piercers, small-waterplane-area twin hull (SWATH), surface effect ships and hovercraft, hydrofoil, wing in ground effect craft (WIG). • Off shore oil vessels - Platform supply vessel, pipe layers, accommodation and crane barges, non and semisubmersible drilling rigs, production platforms, floating production storage and offloading units. • Fishing vessels Motorised fishing trawlers, trap setters, seiners, longliners, trollers & factory ships. Traditional sailing and rowed fishing vessels and boats used for handline fishing • Harbour work craft Cable layers Tugboats, dredgers, salvage vessels, tenders, Pilot boats. Floating dry docks, floating cranes, lightership. • Dry cargo ships - tramp freighters, bulk carriers, cargo liners, container vessels, barge carriers, Ro-Ro ships, refrigerated cargo ships, timber carriers, livestock & light vehicle carriers. • Liquid cargo ships - Oil tankers, liquefied gas carriers, chemical carriers. • Passenger vessels Liners, cruise and Special Trade Passenger (STP) ships Cross-channel, coastal and harbour ferries. Luxury & cruising yachts Sail training and multi-masted ships • Recreational boats and craft - rowed, masted and motorised craft • Special-purpose vessels - weather and research vessels, deep sea survey vessels, and icebreakers. • Submersibles - industrial exploration, scientific research, tourist and hydrographic survey.

Hull Main article: A ship's hull endures harsh conditions at sea, as illustrated by thisreefer ship in bad weather. For a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water displaced by the ship's hull. [61] There are many types of hulls, from logs lashed together to form a raft to the advanced hulls of America's Cup sailboats. A vessel may have a single hull (called a monohull design), two in the case of catamarans, or three in the case of trimarans. Vessels with more than three hulls are rare, but some experiments have been conducted with designs such as pentamarans. Multiple hulls are generally parallel to each other and connected by rigid arms. Hulls have several elements. The bow is the foremost part of the hull. Many ships feature a bulbous bow. The keel is at the very bottom of the hull, extending the entire length of the ship. The rear part of the hull is known as the stern, and many hulls have a flat back known as atransom. Common hull appendages include propellers for propulsion, rudders for steering, and stabilizers to quell a ship's rolling motion. Other hull features can be related to the vessel's work, such as fishing gear and sonar domes. Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints. The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire weight of the boat, and maintain stability even with often unevenly distributed weight. Hydrodynamic constraints include the ability to withstand shock waves, weather collisions and groundings. Older ships and pleasure craft often have or had wooden hulls. Steel is used for most commercial vessels. Aluminium is frequently used for fast vessels, and composite materialsare often found in sailboats and pleasure craft. Some ships have been made with concrete hulls.

Fishing vessel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Crab boat from the North Frisian Islands working in the North Sea A robustly designed contemporary fishing boat A fishing vessel is a boat or ship used to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river. Many different kinds of vessels are used in commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing. According to the FAO, there are currently (2004) four million commercial fishing vessels. [1] About 1. 3 million of these are decked vessels with enclosed areas. Nearly all of these decked vessels are mechanised, and 40, 000 of them are over 100 tons. At the other extreme, two-thirds (1. 8 million) of the undecked boats are traditional craft of various types, powered only by sail and oars. [1] These boats are used by artisan fishers. It is difficult to estimate the number of recreational fishing boats. They range in size from small dinghies to large charter cruisers, and unlike commercial fishing vessels, are often not dedicated just to fishing. Prior to the 1950 s there was little standardisation of fishing boats. Designs could vary between ports and boatyards. Traditionally boats were built of wood, but wood is not often used now because it has higher maintenance costs and lower durability. Fibreglass is used increasingly in smaller fishing vessels up to 25 metres (100 tons), while steel is usually used on vessels above 25 metres.

Naval vessels Main article: Naval ship American aircraft carrier Harry S. Truman and a replenishment ship Naval vessels are those used by a navy for military purposes. There have been many types of naval vessel. Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories: surface warships, submarines, and support and auxiliary vessels. Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines and amphibious assault ships. The distinction between cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes is not rigorous; the same vessel may be described differently in different navies. Battleships were used during the Second World War and occasionally since then (the last battleships were removed from the U. S. Naval Vessel Register in March 2006), but were made obsolete by the use of carrierborne aircraft and guided missiles. [58] Most military submarines are either attack submarines or ballistic missile submarines. Until the end of World War II the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the homing torpedo, better sonar systems, and nuclear propulsion, submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of submarine-launched nuclear and cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and longranged ability to attack both land sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster munitions to nuclear weapons. Most navies also include many types of support and auxiliary vessel, such as minesweepers, patrol boats, offshore patrol vessels, replenishment ships, and hospital ships which are designated medical treatment facilities. [59] Fast combat vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability. [60] They also usually have advanced marine electronics and communication systems, as well as weapons.

Cargo ship A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built by welded steel, and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years before being scrapped

References [1] Article: from publication on types of Reefer Ships by Capt. Pawanexh Kohli ^ "BBC World Service - Documentaries - Pirates - Part Two". ^ "Pirates, Warlords and Rogue Fishing Vessels in Somalia's Unruly Seas". ^ "The New Panamax; 13, 200 -TEU Containership, 120, 000 dwt Bulk Carrier". Shipping Research and Finance. ^ Vidal, John (April 9, 2009), Health risks of shipping pollution have been 'underestimated', The Guardian, retrieved June 2012 ^ Pollution impact from ships - article on Cold ironing ^ Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality (May 2009), Global Trade and Fuels Assessment— Additional ECA Modeling Scenarios (pdf), United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-420 -R-09 -009, retrieved June 2012 ^ http: //heinenhopman. com/en/merchant/mgo-cooler/ ^ Airclim, Seas at Risk, Bellona Foundation, European Environmental Bureau (November 2011), Air Pollution from Ships (pdf), retrieved June 2012 ^ "EU launches attempt to deliver shipping emissions trading scheme". Bibliography

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