BADAN ARBITRASE NASIONAL INDONESIA ARBITRASE Oleh: Prof. Dr. H. Priyatna Abdurrasyid, S. H. , Ph. D. , (FCIArb. , FHKArb. , FCArb. , C. IISL. , D. IAA. , Fell. BISS. , LAA. ) Ketua Badan Arbitrase Nasional Indonesia - BANI 1
Qualification of H. Priyatna Abdurrasyid 1. Freedom Fighter 1945 -1950: Veteran of The Republic of Indonesia NP. 8. 021. 960 (Honored with Satya Lencana of the Republic of Indonesia totaling 14). 2. Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia, Jakarta: Meester in de Rechten (Mr) May 26, 1955. 3. Department of State, Washington DC-USA: Certificate Of Achievement, August 15, 1957. 4. Institute of Air and Space Law: Certificate: Mc. Gill University, Montreal-Canada 1958. 5. (Letter of Prof. DR. E. Pepin Dated January 12, 1971), Thesis’ Title: Classification of Aircraft 6. University of Padjadjaran, Bandung Doctor of Law: Kedaulatan Negara Di Ruang Udara, (State’s Sovereignty in Airspace, June 1972. 7. Testimonial Certificate, International Institute of Space Law, Munich-Germany, September 21, 1979 8. Internationalis Astronoutica Academia, Paris-France, December 31, 1981 9. Pac. West University, Thesis: Air Tickets As Affected By Air Law 2 (Specially by The Law Of Air Transport), Anaheim-USA, October 16, 1983
11. Fellow, Internationalis Astronoutica Academia, Brighton-UK, January 1, 1988 12. Fellow, Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, London-UK, 1990 13. Fellow, British Interplanetary Society (BIS), London-UK, January 1, 1993 14. International Institute of Space Law of the International Astronautical Federation: Lifetime Achievement Award, Grazz-Austria, June 1993 15. Fellow, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), New York-USA, June 1994. 16. The American Biographical Institute, Pioneer in Air and Space Law Teaching And Development in Indonesia Since 1963; Co-Drafter UNCOPUOS Since 1974; Pioneer, International Discussions on Geostationary Orbit, USA November 10, 1994 17. Planetary Society, Washington DC-USA, 1995 18. Fellow, Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, Hong Kong, 1995 19. Award, Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Nararya, President of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Augusts 12, 2003 3 20. Honored, Perintis Pembangunan Kedirgantaraan Nasional, Republik Indonesia,
SISTEMATIKA • • • Lingkup Temporal Lingkup Geografis Lingkup Personal Lingkup Material Lingkup Fungsional 4
LINGKUP TEMPORAL 5
BADAN ARBITRASE NASIONAL INDONESIA (BANI) INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARBITRATION BOARD Dibentuk Oleh Dan Atas Prakarsa Ketua Mahkamah Agung Prof. R. Soebekti SH Pada Tanggal 2 December 1977 Peraturan BANI Mengalami Perbaikan Beberapa Kali Dan Terakhir Tanggal 1 Maret 2003 Undang-Undang No. 30/ 1999 Tentang Arbitrase Dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa 6
PERJANJIAN KERJA SAMA INTERNASIONAL 1. 2. 3. 4. Belanda Arbiter Indonesia Jepang 1. Tercantum di Dalam daftar Pilipina Daftar Centra Arbitrase Korea Negara-Negara Kerja Sama 5. Hongkong 2. ICC 6. Singapura 3. ICSID/World Bank 7. Australia 4. ICAO 8. ICC 5. Intelsat 9. ICSID 6. APRAG 10. APRAG 7. Perwakilan: London (SICA-FICA) 11. Dalam Perundingan 7
TERDAFTARNYA LEBIH DARI 30 ARBITER TERKEMUKA ASING DI BANI BERKEBANGSAAN: 1. Jepang 2. Korea 3. Hongkong Di London - UK 4. Pilipina 5. Singapura 6. Australia 7. Belanda Negara 8. Inggris 9. Perancis 10. USA 11. Dll BANI Mempunyai Kantor Perwakilan BANI Menjadi Anggota APRAG BANI Memberi Presentasi Di Berbagai 8
DEWAN PENASEHAT BANI • Prof. DR. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja SH, LL. M Mantan Menteri Luar Negeri • Prof. DR. M. Sadli, Mantan Menteri Perdagangan dan Industri • Prof. DR. I. H. PH, Diederiks-Verschoor, Anggota, International Court of Justice, The Hague-Belanda • Prof. DR. Karl Heinz Bockstiegel, Mantan, Anggota International Arbitration Court, Koln-Jerman 9
LINGKUP GEOGRAFIS 10
ARBITRASE • Sengketa/Ketidaksefahaman, • Antara dua orang/kelompok atau lebih • Diserahkan kepada Pihak ketiga profesional yang disepakati bersama (terdiri dari seorang atau beberapa orang), melalui penyederhanaan prosedur • Dilakukan dengar pendapat secara hukum yang disepakati, • Putusan final dan mengikat 11
DOKTRIN 1. Doktrin Internasionalitas (Internationality Doctrine) 2. Doktrin Universalitas (Universality Doctrine) 3. Doktrin Globalitas (Globality Doctrine) 4. Doktrin Trans-nasionalitas (Trans-Nationality Doctrine) 5. Doktrin Kewenangan (Implied Powers Doctrine: - Competence - Separability) 12
MEDIASI - Suatu proses dimana pihak-pihak yang bersengketa berhubungan, - Dengan arahan dari seorang mediator, - Yang berusaha dan membimbing para pihak mengakhiri sengketanya, - Mediator tidak mempunyai wewenang memberikan keputusan, - Kecuali menunjukkan jalan untuk sampai kepada penyelesaian sukarela. - Kepastian kesepakatan berada mutlak ditangan para pihak 13
ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA APS (ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION – ADR) - Dialogue - Negotiation - Mediation - Conciliation - Dispute Prevention - Binding Opinion - Valuation - Expert Appraisal - Expert Determination - Special Masters - Ombudsmen - Mini-trial - Private Judges - Summary Trial - Musyawarah untuk mufakat - Runggun Adat - Begundem - Rembug Desa - Hakim Perdamaian - Kerapatan Ninik Mamak - Barangay/Barrio - Discussion - Facilitation - Compromise - Adjudication 14
- Bargaining - Settlement - Refereeing - Umpiring - Dispute review board - Settlement conferences - Counselling - Intervention - Caucusing - Troubleshooting - Evaluation - Pang pada payu (Bali) - Afiesem (Ghana) - Baraza (Congo) - Besara’ (Kalimantan) - Renmin Tiaojie Weiyuanhui (China) - Dequitub (Indian) - Du – wrai (Afganistan) - Accord - Collaborative negotiation - Coll. Problem solving (CPS) - Collective bargaining - Commission of inquiry - Community board - Complimentary dispute resolution - Compromiso arbitral - Conciliatory process - Conseil de prud’hommes - Consensus - Diplomacy - Panchsheel (India) - Quality Arbitration - Arbitration 15 - Combination of Processes
ART. 33 UNO CHARTER . “Pacific Settlement of Disputes: - Negotiation - Enquiry - Mediation - Conciliation - Arbitration - Judicial settlement - Resort to regional agencies arrangements - Other peaceful means of their own choice. 16
KEPENTINGAN PERJANJIAN ARBITRASE MEMBERIKAN JAWABAN: - Keabsahan Perjanjian - Apakah Sengketa/Ketidaksepahaman Dapat Diarbitrasekan? - Batas Kewewenangan Hakim - Arbitrase Internasional Merupakan Arbitrase Campuran - Kepentingan Yurisdiksi Campuran 17
ARBITRATION CLAUSE: - Para Pihak - Tertulis - Penjabaran doctrine) - Tanggal - Tanda tangan - Tempat - Publikasi - Sumber Yurisdiksi, Independensi - Sumber Otoritas, Kedaulatan, - Doktrin tidakketergantungan (Separable - Competence - Sumber Hukum - Sumber Prosedur Penjabaran: - Arbitrase Umum - Arbitrase Terbatas - Arbitrase Sempit Submission Clause 18
PERBANDINGAN ARBITRASE MEDIASI Dikendalikan Majelis Dikendalikan Pihak Putusan Dipaksakan Kesepakatan Pihak Mengikat Tidak Mengikat Menggunakan Proses Hukum Tanpa Pengaturan Baku Pembuktian Formal Privat Dengar Pendapat 19
LITIGASI Sistem Paksa Ketepatan Hukum Publik Banding Formal ARBITRASE Consensus Pasti Adil Mengikat Privat Memenuhi Hukum Final-Mengikat Dapat Dilaksanakan. Flexible Penyederhanaan Sistem 20
INTERNATIONAL • • Ø UNCITRAL Model Law (1985) Art. 1 Scope of application (3) An arbitration is international if: (a) The parties to an arbitration agreement have at the time of the conclusion of that agreement, their places of business in different State; or (b) One of the following places is situated outsid the which parties their State in the have place of business; 21
(i) The place of arbitration if determined in, or pursuant to, the arbitration agreement; (ii) Any place where a substantial part of the obligations of the commercial relationship is to be performed or the place with which the subject-matter of the dispute is most closely (c) The parties have expressly agreed that the subject- matter of the arbitration agreement relates to more than one country. 22
LINGKUP PERSONAL 23
STATUS ARBITER • • • Dipilih oleh/disepakati para pihak Bukan pengacara/advokat Bukan penasehat hukum, Bukan konsultan Bukan wakil Dari Pihak Yang Memilih 24
PERSYARATAN ARBITER • Menguasai E-commerce, Mengenali Berbagai Permasalahan Ilmu Teknologi Dan Perkembangan Dunia • Independen • Terbuka Dan Membeberkan Berbagai Hal-Hal Menyangkut Pribadinya • Tidak Memihak/Independen • Memperlakukan Para Pihak Secara Adil Dan Benar • Memperhatikan Batas Waktu • Konfidensial • Berhak Kompensasi • Berhak Atas Kerja Sama Dari Para Pihak • Adanya Perjanjian Dengan Para Pihak 25
PRINSIP-PRINSIP • Good faith Confidentiality • Non-Confrontation • Cooperation • Law of the parties • Law of procedure Interference • Non-Disclosure Intervention • Non-Publication Equality Unanimity Contradiction Non. Impartiality 26
BERBAGAI SISTEM HUKUM DUNIA -The common law - Continental law - Germanic law - Socialist law - Romanic Law - Greece Law - Law of Canada - Law of The U. S. A - Laws of Central America - Laws of South America - Laws of Africa & Madagascar - Muslim law - Law of India - Chinese law - Japanese law - Law of Philippines - Laws of the Pacific Region - Law of Australia - Law of Indonesia - The National Laws of The World - International Treaties - Customary laws 27
TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS ON ARBITRATION q The 1923 Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses on the site of Jurist International q The 1927 Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards q The 1958 United Nations Convention (New York) on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards q The 1961 (Geneva) European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration q The 1962 (Paris) Agreement Relating to Application of the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration q The 1965 Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and nationals of Other States q Contracting States and Measures Taken by Them for the Purpose of the Convention q The 1966 Strasbourg Convention Providing a uniform Law on 28 Arbitration
q The 1972 (Moscow) Convention on the Settlement by Arbitration of Civil Law Disputes Resulting from Relations of Economic and Scientific-Technical Cooperation q The 1975 (Panama) Inter-American Convention on international Commercial Arbitration q The 1979 (Montevideo) Inter-American Convention on Extraterritorial Validity of foreign Judgment and Arbitral Awards q The 1987 (Amman) Arab Convention on Commercial Arbitration q The 1993 OHADA Treaty on the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (Port-Louis, Senegal) q The 1968 European Convention (Brussels) on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters q The 1970 Hague Convention on Taking Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters q The 1971 Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters q The 1973 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Products Liability q The 1974 United Nations (New York) Convention on the Limitation 29 Period in the International Sale of Goods
q The 1978 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Agency q The 1978 United Nations Convention (“Hamburg Rules”) on the Carriage of Goods by Sea q The 1980 European Convention (Rome) on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations q The 1980 United Nations Convention (Vienna) on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods q The 1986 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for the International Sale of Goods q The 1988 United Nations Conventions (New York) on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes q The 1988 European Convention (Lugano) on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters q The 1992 United Nations Convention (Vienna) on the Liability of Operators of Transport Terminals in International Trade q The 1995 United Nations Convention (New York) on Independent Guarantees and Stand-By Letters of Credit 30
LINGKUP MATERIAL 31
MANAJEMEN SENGKETA JALUR CEPAT (FAST TRACK): Mengenai Sengketa Sederhana (Win-Win) JALUR RUTIN (STANDARD TRACK): Sengketa Yang Tampak Terjadi Secara Rutin JALUR KOMPLEKS (COMPLEX TRACK): Sengketa Yang Penuh Komplikasi 32
TATA CARA • Pencarian Fakta Dan Kebenaran • Menerapkan Hukum • Pemecahan Masalah - Inquisitor - Adversarial 33
HUKUM/PROSEDUR YANG DIPILIH DAN DISEPAKATI OLEH PARA PIHAK (LAW OF THE PARTIES/LAW OF PROCEDURE) • Mengikuti • Mendampingi • Mendahului - Menerapk an - Analogi - Menciptak an 34
SUMBER HUKUM • Perjanjian Internasional/Hukum Nasional • Kebiasaan Internasional/Nasional • Doktrin/Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum • Putusan Hakim/Ajaran-Publikasi Para Pakar Dunia 35
INTERNASIONAL • • Melewati batas negara Unsur-unsur asing Kebangsaan & negara yang berbeda Tempat menyelesaikan di luar negara para pihak Objek sengketa terletak di luar wilayah negara Para pihak memiliki keterkaitan dengan beberapa negara 36
BAGI PIHAK ASING • Para pihak meragukan pengadilan nasional, • Lawan berkebangsaan negara pengadilan nasional, • Kurang paham tata cara hukum nasional negara tsb, • Kesulitan Bahasa, dan Budaya • Eksekusi melalui New York Convention 1958 • Perma No. 1/1990 37
LINGKUP FUNGSIONAL 38
BENTUK/ LINGKUP SENGKETA - Patent - Trademark - Design - Intellectual Property Right - Consultation - Copy Right - Agency - Licensing - Franchise - Insurance - Construction - Trade - Labor - Industry - Environment - Fabrication - Distribution - Maritime/Shipping - Land/Sea/Air Transportation - Mining - Joint Venture - Banking - Finance - Sport - Air and Space Commercialization: 39
a. b. c. d. e. Aviation Direct Broadcasting Telecommunication Remote Sensing Space Commercial Utilization f. Internet g. E-Commerce 40
PUTUSAN/AWARD Berdasarkan Hukum: - Lex Specialis - Lex Generalis - Ex aequo et bono 41
EKSEKUSI v Washington Convention 1965 v New York Convention 1958 v UU No. 30/1999 v PERMA No. 1/1990 42
All Party Autonomy Sovereignty Independence Authority Parties cede part of their private power to the arbitrator Arbitrator’s appointment a contract with the parties Arbitrator to be impartial, treat equally Must Decide Decisions must be ‘full & fair’ only after due consideration only after hearing both sides Decisions must be Final & enforceable Arbitrator must stay outside ‘the arena’ Arbitrator appointed on his terms All powers to be used judicially Process must proceed with due dispatch 43
Arbitrator Decisions bind the parties Party settlement superior Decisions must be clear No prejudice in decisions Arbitrator disinterested in outcome Decisions based on all evidence Decisions must be consistent Arbitrator independent of parties Any conflict of interest to be declared 44
Parties must act property Parties right to claim & defend Parties must make their case All to agree contract changes Abuse of process penalized 45
BANI ARBITRATION Decisions bind the parties Decisions must be Final & enforceable Decisions must be clear Party settlement superior Parties right to claim & defend Party Autonomy Sovereignty Independence Authority Parties must act property Parties cede part of their private power to the arbitrator Arbitrator’s appointment a contract with the parties Parties must make their case Arbitrator appointed on his terms No prejudice in decisions Arbitrator disinterested in outcome Arbitrator to be impartial, treat equally Must Decide Abuse of process penalized Decisions based on all evidence Arbitrator must stay outside ‘the arena’ Arbitrator independent of parties Any conflict of interest to be declared Decisions must be consistent All to agree contract changes All powers to be used judicially Decisions must be ‘full & fair’ only after due consideration only after hearing both sides Process must proceed with due dispatch 46
PRIYATNA’S CHECKLIST FOR (INTERNATIONAL) ARBITRATION Sequence of Process the Arbitration 1. The Request for Arbitration (Arbitration Clause) 6. Nationality of Arbitrators 7. Party and Nominations Other 2. The Response 8. Three or More Parties 3. The Tribunal and Register 9. Expedited Formation 4. Notices and Periods of Time 10. Revocation of Arbitrator’s Appointment 5. Formation of The Arbitral Tribunal 47
11. Nomination and Replacement of Arbitrators 12. Majority Power to Continue Proceedings 13. Submission of Written Statements and Documents 14. Conduct of the Proceedings 15. Submission of Written Statements and Documents 18. Party Representations 19. Hearings 20. Witnesses 21. Experts to the Arbitral Tribunal 22. Additional Power of the Arbitral Tribunal 23. Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal 16. Seat of Arbitration and Place of Hearing 24. Deposits 17. Language of Arbitration 25. Interim and Conservatory Measures 48
26. The Award 27. Correction of Award and Additional Awards 28. Arbitration and Legal Costs 29. Decisions by the Tribunal 30. Confidentiality 31. Exclusion of Liability 32. General Rules 49
OUR SOLAR SYSTEMS URANUS MERCURY VENUS EARTH MOON MARS NEPTUNE PLUTO JUPITER RIM OF THE SUN SATURN 50
EARTH A tmos phere e ac p Ou te r sp s r Ai SO G ace MOON not according to scale 51
STATIONARY Sovereignty Jurisdiction Control GSO Sovereignty Right ± 36. 000 km Res. 4/1979 Space Treaty 1967 Ps. II & IV Space Treaty 1967 Ps. VI, VII, & VIII Non-appropriation Non-placing of weapons of mass destruction (f. o. b. s? ) Responsibility Liability Jurisdiction & Control EARTH 52
INTERFERENCES TO GROUND STATION PALAPA POTOK / STATSIONAR INDONESIA USSR DBS POTOK STATSIONAR TV-1 USSR 53
DIAGRAM OF APPR. NUMBER OF SATELLITES UTILIZING GSO SLOTS: 1. Existing (grand father clause) systems. = real operation = 1. Registered operation (reserve) 2. Systems under development 150 120 W. 90 0 180 0 150 0 0 120 0 60 0 E. 90 0 60 30 0 54 0 0 0
IND. INSA URS 0 VOLNA. 8 T 1. B (94 0 (90 E) E) 0 INS P. 2 (77 E) 0 URS CSDRN (95 E) INS P. B 3 0 (118 E) 0 URS ST. 14 (95 E) 0 URS ST. 6 0 (90 E) URS ST. T (99 E) 0 INDISCOM (102 E) URS VOLNA. 5 0 (85 E) INS P. B 1 0 (108 E) URS GALS. 5 0 (130 E) URS ST. 15 0 (130 E) J. BSE 0 URS LOUTCH. 3 (80 E) (110 E) 0 J. BS. 2 URS CALS. 3 (85 E) 0 (110 0 URS ST. 13 (80 E) E) 0 0 URS ST. 13 (80 E) 0 URS ST. 1 (80 E) CHN. STW. 0 1 (125 E) 0 URS PROGNOZ. 4 (80 E) 0 URS PT. 3 (80 E) 0 URS GOMSS. (76 E) J. CS 2 A 0 (130 E) J. ETS. 2 0 (130 E) 55
BUMI & ATMOSFIR RUANG ANGKASA RUANG UDARA ATMOSFIR 56
WILAYAH NEGARA • Daratan • Perairan • Ruang udara : Dimensi pertama : Dimensi kedus : Dimensi ketiga - satu kesatuan politik (one political unit) - kerucut terbalik (inverted cone) - bukan padang/bidang (not a plane) Konvensi Chicago 1944 UU No. 4 Perpu Tahun 1960 ? 57
PERKEMBANGAN WILAYAH 1. DARATAN 2. LAUTAN 3. RUANG UDARA 4. RUANG ANGKASA 5. BULAN 6. ORBIT GEOSTATIONER 58
DARATAN * Iskandar Zulkarnaen (Alexander III/Alexander the Great: 356 -323 BC BC Macedonia). * Genghis Khan : + 1167 LAUTAN • Hang Tuah • Bangsa Indonesia • Viking • Vasco Da Gama • Colombus DE RUYTER - NELSON - JOHN SELDEN mare clausum * penduduk TROMP - GROTIUS liberum mare kepulauan 59
GEO STATIONERY ORBIT 12, 82% 33. 979, 07 KM Y 35. 871 KM 5. 140 KM A A E Y D C B EARTH A: National national air space B: free air space/other countries A. B. C: Earth’s atmosphere D. E : Outer space/free & common heritage of mankind Y : Geo-stationery Orbit (GSO) 60
ORBIT SATELIT GEOSTATIONER (Geo Stationary Satellite Orbit) Suatu orbit sirkuler diatas padang katulistiwa, dimana satelit yang ditempatkan di orbit Sirkuler tersebut. Waktu putarannya akan sama dengan waktu rotasi/perputaran Bumi & akan bergerak searah dengan Bumi 61
ORBIT GEOSTATIONER (GSO) Efisien & bermanfaat untuk digunakan oleh beberapa bentuk satelit antara lain: • TELEKOMUNIKASI. (lebih fleksibel daripada microwave – kabel laut dan mampu mencakup wilayah luas) • REMOTE SENSING. (penelitian sumber daya bumi dan lingkungan) • “RELAY” untuk “TRACKING” DATA • NAVIGASI • PANGKALAN MILITER • TENAGA MATAHARI • CERMIN-CERMIN RAKSASA PEMANTAU TENAGA MATAHARI 62
GSO BEBAS DARI PENGARUH & ANCAMAN NEGATIF • Lingkungan – permukaan bumi • Gempa bumi • Badai listrik • Tanah longsor • Badai panas • Letusan gunung berapi • Ombak laut • Banjir • Dll. 63
Ps. 33 (2) INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION Convention 1973 - Torremolinos GSO Sumber alam terbatas “limited natural resources” 180 satelit Cegah saturisasi kejenuhan Efisien 64 ekonomis
TEORI SCHACHTER TEORI JENKS M OS 20 m il m 15 AT FI R il A: 10 NASIONAL il 60 B: Internasional (tujuan damai) m il 0 m TEORI HALEY Ruang Angkasa TEORI COOPER 65
Pesawat Udara Setiap alat yang dapat terbang diatmosfir karena adanya reaksi-reaksi udata terhadap alat tersebut. (any machine, which can derive support in the atmosphere from the reaction of the air) annex 6, 7, 8, 9 K. C. 1944 Gaya angkat Pesawat Terbang (Air Plane) Kapal Terbang (Air Ship) Balon Bebas & yang di kendalikan (Free & Captive Balloons) 66
Pesawat Terbang Layang (Glider) Parasu t Helikopter 67
68
69
LUAS RUANG UDARA NASIONAL • Dijabarkan melalui istilah batasan PESAWAT UDARA teori logika yuridis) MENDASARKAN PADA TEORI SCHACHTER C B A BUMI 70
TEORI COOPER Mendasarkan kepada kemampuan fisik dan ilmiah EXOSFIR RUANG UDARA BEBAS 300 00 m il TER MO SFI R MES OSF IR ST RA TO S JALUR RUANG UDARA TAMBAHAN (ada hak lintas bagi peralatan non-militer) RUANG UDARA NASIONAL (negara berdaulat penuh) – 6 TR FIR OP BUMI OS FI R 71
LUAS RUANG UDARA NASIONAL Y X Ruang udara diatas laut Z lepas Keterangan X, Y, Z : Negara T : Pusat Bumi : Laut lepas & ruang udara bebas T SISTEM PERTAMA Y Z X SISTEM KEDUA T 72
Klasifikasi Pesawat Udara I. FAUCHILLE (1902) (1910) 1. p. u. publik 2. p. u. a. privat 1. p. u. b. publik u. 2. privat a. p. u. Sipil b. p. u. Sipil (p. u. polisi) II. KONVENSI PARIS (1919) Ps. 30: p. u. Negara (State aircraft) a. p. u. militer b. pos, bca & cukai, polisi * diluar p. u. : militer, pos, bca & cukai, polisi 73 diperlukan sebagai p. u. privat
III. AIR WARFARE RULES 1923 (SPAIGHT) 1. P. u. publik * militer * non militer dalam tugas negara IV. KONVENSI CHICAGO 1944 Ps. 3 1. p. u. sipil (civil aircraft) 2. p. u. negara (state aircraft) * p. u. : militer, bca-cukai, polisi 74
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TEORI (kerukunan) TEORI HALEY 1. Menghindarkan keberatan dari fihak lain untuk sampai kepengakuan diam 2. Mengakui kepentingan fihak lain yang syah (legitimate interest); 3. Akomodasi 1 + 2 tanpa mengorbankan kepentingan nasional yang vital Bilamana TEORI HALEY Unanimity Theory diam Berarti setuju 77
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