Background 4 G 3 G Mobile Networks Jargons

Background: 4 G/3 G Mobile Networks

Jargons • Mobile networks use many jargon and abbreviations – LTE, EPS, Node B, e. Node. B – Nested acronyms are common – GERAN = GPRS Evolution Radio Access Network – LTE is often referred to as Evolved Packet System (EPS) in technical situations • Learn the jargon and acronyms gradually – There is an associated glossary and cheat-sheet – I do not remember many CS 590 (Peng) 2

Outline • Evolution of mobile networks • Network architecture • Network operations and protocol stack CS 590 (Peng) 3

Ubiquitous Mobile Network Services In-building Outdoor Walking Driving Subway High-speed train CS 590 (Peng) 4

Ubiquitous Mobile Network Services 5 • Global Mobile Data Traffic – 7. 2 exabytes/month in 2016 (63% growth) – 18 fold growth in the past five years – 7 fold growth by 2021 (49 exabytes/month) CS 590 (Peng) 5 Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index, 2017: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2016– 2021 White Paper

Ubiquitous Mobile Network Services • Smartphones: primary internet access points – By 2021, 98% traffic and 75% connections from “smart” devices – 4 G: 75% traffic and 53% connections – 5 G: 1. 5% traffic and 0. 2% connections CS 590 (Peng) 6

Empowered by Mobile Networks Internet …. . . Mobile Client Network Infrastructure • the only large-scale, wide-area wireless network system in par with the Internet CS 590 (Peng) 7

Empowered by Mobile Networks …. . . Mobile Client Wireless (radio access technology) CS 590 (Peng) Network Infrastructure 8

Mobile Network Evolution 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G AMPS, NMT GSM/GPRS/ WCDMA/HSPA+ LTE EDGE TACS CDMA 2000/EVDO LTE-A cdma. One TD-SCDMA 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G Mid 1980 s 1990 s 2000 s 2010 s 2020 s analog Mobile Internet Digital voice Mobile voice + Simple data broadband More & faster CS 590 (Peng) 5 G 9

Standards Body: 3 GPP • An international standards body • Evolves and standardizes GSM, UMTS, LTE among others The 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) unites [Six] telecommunications standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC), known as “Organizational Partners” and provides their members with a stable environment to produce the highly successful Reports and Specifications that define 3 GPP technologies • We will primarily discuss 3 GPP standards CS 590 (Peng) 10

Cellular Network Standards Generation 2 G 3 GPP Circuit Switched GSM 3 GPP 2 Wimax Forum cdma. One GPRS 2. 5 G 2. 75 G 3 G 3 GPP Packet Switched EDGE CDMA 2000 UMTS 3. 5 G HSPA/+ CDMA EV-DO 4 G LTE UMB CS 590 (Peng) Wi. MAX 11

What is LTE? • LTE stands for “Long Term Evolution” • Fourth-generation (4 G) cellular technology from 3 GPP • Deployed worldwide • 4 G LTE: First global standard – Increased speed – IP-based network (All circuits are gone/fried!) – New air interface: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency. Division Multiple Access), MIMO (multiple antennas) • Also includes duplexing, timing, carrier spacing, coding. . . – New service paradigm (e. g. , Vo. LTE) CS 590 (Peng) 12

What is LTE? • LTE is always evolving and 3 GPP often has new “releases” – First release: Rel-8 – Current: Rel-11, Rel-12 – Toward LTE-Advanced (4. 5 G) CS 590 (Peng) 13

Network Architecture Evolution 2 G • Circuitswitching for voice 3 G • Circuit-switching for voice • Packet-switching for data Telecomm Infrastructure 4 G • Packetswitching for everything • IP-based Internet CS 590 (Peng) 15

Inter-Generation Technologies • CS networks need to be able to connect with PS networks and other distinct cellular networks – The internet is a good example of PS network • GPRS (General packet radio service) – 2. 5 G packet switched technology • EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) – 2. 75 G packet switched technology • HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) – 3. 5/3. 75 packet switched data technology – There were a few quick iterations on this technology, thus “variants” CS 590 (Peng) 16

2 G Network Architecture (GSM) Operations and Support Subsystem BTS UE MSC HLR/Au. C BSC Base Station Subsystem CS 590 (Peng) Network Subsystem 17 17

2 G Based on Circuit Switching (CS) End-end resources reserved for “call” • link bandwidth, switch capacity • dedicated resources: no sharing • circuit-like (guaranteed) performance • call setup required CS 590 (Peng) 18

CS Signaling • used to setup, maintain teardown VC • used in 2 G, as well as in 3 G • not used in today’s Internet application transport 5. Data flow begins network 4. Call connected data link 1. Initiate call physical CS 590 (Peng) 6. Receive data application 3. Accept call transport network 2. incoming call data link physical 19

4 G Network Architecture (LTE) 4 G Packet-Switched MME: Mobility Management Entity BS: Base Station (4 G: e. Node. B) CS 590 (Peng) 20

Packet Switching (PS) A statistical multiplexing B C queue of packets waiting for output link D E • Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing • Store-and-forward at intermediate routers 21 • Used by the Internet CS 590 (Peng)

PS Signaling • no call setup at network layer • routers: no state about end-to-end connections – no network-level concept of “connection” • packets forwarded using destination host address – packets btw same source-dest pair may take different paths application transport network data link physical application transport network 2. Receive data link physical 1. Send data CS 590 (Peng) 22

3 G/4 G Network Architecture 4 G Packet-Switched 3 G Circuit-Switched CS 590 (Peng) 23

So far, Our Focus • We mainly focus on current 3 G/4 G systems, particularly 4 G LTE network …. . . Mobile Client Wireless (radio access technology) CS 590 (Peng) Network Infrastructure 24

Outline ü Evolution of mobile networks ü Network architecture • Network operations and protocol stack CS 590 (Peng) 25

Operations Two main planes in operation in parallel: • Data plane (also called User plane): content delivery • Control plane: signaling functions There is an additional plane that works with the above two planes: • Management plane: configurations, monitoring CS 590 (Peng) 26

Illustration of Data and Control Planes Network Infrastructure Application Transport IP Data-plane IP Control. Plane Data-plane CS 590 (Peng) Control. Plane 27

Illustration of Data and Control Planes 28 EPS: Evolved Packet System PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol RLC: Radio Link Control MAC: Medium Access Control CS 590 (Peng) 28

Data-Plane Protocols: IP + lower layers @UE (IP) PDCP RLC MAC PHY @e. NB (IP) PDCP RLC MAC PHY • Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) – header compression, radio encryption • Radio Link Control (RLC) – Readies packets to be transferred over the air interface • Medium Access Control (MAC) – Multiplexing, Qo. S CS 590 (Peng) 29

Control-Plane Protocols • Control utilities: mobile network specific – Different from Internet counterparts Data-plane Control-plane Internet P 3: Conn. context (Qo. S) P 2: Location update P 1: Radio conn. setup Connectivity Management Mobility Management (MM) Radio Resource Control (RRC) 30

Control-Plane Protocols in 4 G/3 G • Variants for same/similar control functions – Hybrid 4 G/3 G systems – Domains separated for voice (CS) and data (PS) CS 590 (Peng) 31

32 Distributed Operations: Device, base station, core networks CS 590 (Peng)

Put Them Together • Setting up data service in 4 G Data-plane Control-plane Internet CS 590 (Peng) 33

Data and Control Planes in LTE Control Plane Data Plane Home Subscriber Server (HSS) Mobility Management Entity (MME) User Equipment (UE) Base Station (e. Node. B) Serving Gateway (S-GW) • e. Node. B, S-GW and P-GW are involved in session setup, handoff, routing Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) 34

Setting Up Data Service in 4 G (1) Setup radio connection 35 User Equipment 4 GRRC Connection Request 4 G BS RRC Connection Setup RRC Connection Complete MME Others (HSS, GWs) 4 GRRC (2) Registration (attach) (3) Authentication Attach Request Authentication Response Attach Accept Attach Complete 4 GMM HSS 4 GCM P-Gw (4) Setup Connectivity Context (e. g. , IP, routing path, Qo. S) 4 GCM Public Data Network Connectivity Request Activate Bearer Context Request (192. 168. 0. 199) Activate Bearer Context Accept PDN: Public Data Network EPS: Evolved Packet System

Setting Up Data Service in 4 G Control-Plane Functions 36 User Equipment 4 GRRC 4 G BS (1) Setup radio connection MME Others (HSS, GWs) 4 GRRC 4 GMM (2) Registration (attach) (3) Authentication 4 GMM HSS 4 GCM (4) Setup Connectivity Context (e. g. , IP, routing path, Qo. S) 4 GCM P-Gw (5) data-plane delivery

Summary and Discussion • Primer on mobile network: architecture, protocols, operations – And its evolution – And its complexity • Difference from wired Internet and Wi. Fi – What? – Why? CS 590 (Peng) 37

After-class Reading (Optional) • Learn more about control plane protocols and their interactions: SIGCOMM’ 14 • Learn more about radio connection setup: check RRC papers • LTE tutorial and reference: https: //www. tutorialspoint. com/lte/ CS 590 (Peng) 38

Action Items • Work on your course project early – Topic and team • Check the reference and reading list – Updates shortly • Next Chapter: 5 G apps CS 590 (Peng) 39