B 2 B e-Commerce adoption in Indonesia Reyner J. Karnali DIS - University of Melbourne 18 October 2011
Content Introduction The study Introduction Framework Case study and Findings Conclusion and Contributions Questions 2 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Reyner J. Karnali Academic Bachelor of IT in 2006 - Fontys University, Eindhoven Master of Science in IT and Business in 2010 - Leiden University 1 year exchange at University of Melbourne Professional 4 years Software Engineering background Current: Test Engineer 3 Philips Healthcare - Worldwide leader in medical systems Leadtec Systems - Australian market leader in B 2 B EDI (www. leadtec. com. au) B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Leadtec Systems Australia Leading Australian B 2 B EC Service Provider/Software house Grocery Healhtcare Automotive Banking 1990 Products/Services EDI Barcode Management System (Scanner/Software) Data synchronization (GS 1 AU/NZ) Melbourne (HQ) and Sydney 4 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Leadtec Systems Australia 5 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Content Introduction The study Introduction Framework Case study and Findings Conclusion and Contributions Questions 6 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
B 2 B E-Commerce Definition: The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to conduct business transactions electronically between organisations. Typically is used to manage supply chain activities B 2 B e-Commerce is an inter-organisational system (IOS) 7 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
B 2 B E-Commerce Technologies 8 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
B 2 B E-Commerce Initiatives E-Procurement EC-Enabled Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Vendor Managed Inventories (VMI) EC-enabled Just-in-Time Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) Advanced Distribution Systems Cross-docking Flow-through 9 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Research Gaps B 2 B EC has the potential to integrate developing countries into the global economy, BUT 10 Developing countries have lagged behind in IOS adoption Advanced supply chain management cannot be achieved without participation from trading partners Limited in-depth studies of B 2 B EC adoption in developing countries B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
The Study Aim: to obtain a rich understanding of e-Commerce technology adoption, particularly B 2 B EC application, in Indonesia as an example of a developing country. Research questions: What B 2 B EC technologies / initiatives are currently adopted by organizations within the Indonesian grocery industry? What are the driving factors and the barriers to adoption of these B 2 B EC technologies/initiatives? How are these B 2 B EC technologies / initiatives adopted in Indonesia? Multiple case study with 8 organisations within the Indonesian grocery industry 11 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Content Introduction The study Introduction Framework Case study and Findings Conclusion and Contributions Questions 12 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Theoretical framework IOS Adoption Dyadic approach (Ali, Kurnia and Shanks 2009) 13 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Content Introduction The study Introduction Framework Case study and Findings Conclusion and Contributions Questions 14 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Context 15 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Context: Indonesia facts Introduction Grocery Industry 16 1990 s, strong economic growth (7%/year) Low percentage of GDP for IT investment 1995: 200 mill. people, 350 supermarkets (1 chain) 1998: Open for Foreign investment 2002: Retail sector amounts one-fifth of GDP (US$ 33. 1 bn), employs 17. 5 m (17. 7%) of total labor Traditional market and Modern market (Hypermarket and Minimarket) B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Case study participants 17 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Dyads Overview Dyad Companies Roles EC-enabled SCM Initiatives 1 C–G Manufacturer - Retailer Barcode, Web Portal EDI 2 B–G Manufacturer - Retailer Barcode, XML EDI 3 E–G Distributor - Retailer Barcode, Web Portal EDI 4 B–H Manufacturer - Retailer Barcode, Text File EDI, VMI 5 A–G Manufacturer - Retailer Barcode, XML EDI, CPFR 6 A–F Manufacturer - Distributor Barcode, PDA-based EDI, VMI, x-docking 7 C–D Manufacturer - Distributor Barcode, PDA-based EDI, VMI, x-docking 18 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Research Methodology Data collection Oct 08 - Feb 09 (5 interviews) - Fellow assistant Dec 09 - Jan 10 (7 interviews) Feb 10 - July 10 (Follow up emails, phone interviews, documentation) Audio, Indonesian transcript, English summary Data analysis 19 3 Coding level (Neuman, 2006) B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Driving factors 20 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
How B 2 B EC is Adopted Appropriation of simple technology which fits with the local business needs and culture “Salesmen with the PDA visit our retailers, calculate and estimate their needs with the help of the software and discuss with the retailers. Then they come up with a mutual agreement regarding the final orders. ” Managing Director, Manufacturer (Company C, Dyad 7) 21 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
How B 2 B EC is Adopted B 2 B EC technologies and infrastructure are provided by larger organizations 22 Larger retailers (Companies G and H) help smaller suppliers print barcode labels. Company G provides its suppliers (Manufacturers) with a customized B 2 B web portal for PO exchange and monitoring (EDI) Large manufacturers (Companies A and C) provide distributors (Companies D and F) with PDA systems. B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
How B 2 B EC is Adopted Collaboration leading to smooth adoption EDI Adoption (Web portal and XML) 23 Dyads 1, 2, and 3, the Retailer (Company G) and Manufacturers(Company C, B, and E) have good relationship and trust). Regular discussions about the EDI systems between Retailers and Manufacturers Company G offers introduction training and seminars on the usage of the EDI systems. B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
How B 2 B EC is Adopted Collaboration leading to smooth adoption (cont’) PDA-Based EDI Systems 24 Dyads 6 and 7: the Manufacturers and Distributors have strong commitment and collaboration A joint human-resource strategic agenda – covers work protocol, employee training and development program, and Key Performance Indicator (KPI) indicators The manufacturers offer constant support and help B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Barriers 25 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Content Introduction The study Introduction Framework Case study and Findings Conclusion and Contributions Questions 26 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Conclusion Benefits of B 2 B EC are still appealing for organisations in Indonesia The Indonesian grocery industry is catching up with B 2 B EC adoption despite various barriers The socio-cultural conditions in developing countries do not necessarily prohibit the adoption of B 2 B EC initiatives 27 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Contribution Offers valuable insights for local players into the current practice of IT-enabled SCM initiatives within the Indonesian grocery industry Offers guidance for organizations in developed countries in devising appropriate strategies to best deal with organizations within the Indonesian grocery industry Complements the findings of other previous studies in the areas of B 2 B EC adoption 28 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Questions? Contact: reyner. karnali@leadtec. com. au reyner. jovian@gmail. com Linked. In: Reyner Jovian Karnali 29 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
IOS Adoption framework Factor approach (Kurnia and Johnston, 2002) Weaknesses 30 Limited unit of analysis, Organizations as dependant variables B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
IOS Adoption framework Process approach (Kurnia and Johnston, 2002) Weaknesses 31 Difficult in designing the study, high complexity B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Research Methodology Nature Exploratory (How question, Explore new areas) Explanatory (Driving forces and Barriers to adoption process) Theory-building phase (Shanks et al. , 1994) Multiple case study Multiple units of analysis (Yin, 2003) 32 Organization-level: What question (2 nd & 3 rd) Dyad-level: How question (1 st) B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Data Analysis Open Coding Axial Coding 1 st iteration Post-It notes to identify themes Per Company Summary Dyads coupling B 2 B EC technology overview Categories (Grouping of themes) Selective Coding 33 Cross-case analysis (Similarities/Differences) 2 nd iteration Remove irrelevant themes/categories B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
Future research Similar settings in other countries Different industry Longitudinal approach Quantitative method 34 B 2 B EC Adoption in Indonesia
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