Aviation Security Aboard Commercial Aircraft Becky Neal Beth Schuetz Brad Steinfeldt Andrzej Stewart
Agenda • • • Introduction Background Legislation Disadvantages Alternatives Recommendations
Introduction • Federal Aviation Act of 1958 proved inadequate to growing security threats. • Antihijacking Act and Air Transportation Act of 1974. • No U. S. based airlines suffered hijackings from 1991 through 2000 Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Consequences of Sept. 11 • September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks bring down four commercial airliners into selected target buildings. • Homeland Security Act of 2002 • Arming Pilots Against Terrorism Act of 2002
Goals • Investigate the Federal Flight Deck Officer Program • Provide evidence of problems with the program • Propose alternative security solutions
Background Legislation
Disclaimer
Sources • • Code of Federal Regulations United States Code House Resolutions Senate Bills
Legal Basis for Arming Pilots • • 14 CFR 121. 538 49 CFR 1544. 201 49 CFR 1544. 219 49 USC 44921
14 CFR 121. 538 • Title 14 – Federal Aviation Regulations • Part 121 – Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations • Rules dictated by 49 CFR Chapter XII
49 CFR 1544. 201 d • Prohibitions on Carrying a Weapon, Explosive, or Incendiary • Lists exceptions
49 CFR 1544. 219 • Carriage of Accessible Weapons • Federal law enforcement officers
49 USC 44921 • Federal Flight Deck Officer Program • 107 th Cong. HR 5005, Title XIV
Modification of Regulations • 49 USC 44921 • 49 CFR 1544 – 49 CFR 1544. 201 – 49 CFR 1544. 219
Alternatives • 28 USC 570 • 49 USC 44912 • 49 USC 44918
28 USC 570 • Federal Air Marshals Program • 107 th Cong. S. 1444 • 49 CFR 1544. 223
49 USC 44912 • Research and Development • Scientific Advisory Panel
49 USC 44918 • Crew Training
Disadvantages
Overview of Problems • • Effectiveness Harm to aircraft Pilot Distraction Removed from Pilot’s Possession
Effectiveness • Knowledge that pilot is armed – No element of surprise by the pilot – Plan for guns in the cockpit – Attack differently • Guns are not always the best method of eliminating danger – Not user specific
Harm to Aircraft • Bullets depressurize the cabin – Two outflow valves that control the pressure – Bullets alter the amount of pressure the valves can handle • Harm to passengers if the cabin is depressurized – Or if the attackers or pilots miss
Pilot Distraction • Focus on flying the aircraft • Other people should be responsible for security • Back up plan – Be prepared for the worst – Not be the single protector
Removed from Pilot’s Possession • Evaluate the Flight Deck Officer Program for proper training • Israel’s El Al has the tightest security – Removed guns from the cockpit – Reasons: can be taken away from pilot, not user specific
Alternatives
Overview of Available Alternatives • Firearms – Different bullet types – Locking devices • Other Weapons – Electrical defenses – Knives – Clubs • No Weapons – Martial arts – Cockpit separation
The Traditional Bullet • The Traditional Bullet – Metal jacket with solid metal core – High energy impact How. Stuff. Works
Rubber Bullets • Developed by Israel and Northern Ireland for crowd control in the 1960 s • Plastic or rubber casing • Increase impact time – Reduces impulsive force • Less transmitted energy • Requires a special gun Fox Labs
Frangible Bullets • Core composed of small spheres – Disperses energy on impact to a larger area – Bullets remain lodged in target • Originally used by Air Marshals Glaser Safety
Locking Guns • Magnetic Rings – Ring worn on pilot’s finger emit a magnetic field – Only when the ring is in contact with gun will weapon fire • Biometric Technology – Biometrics: Use of specific human characteristic – Use fingerprint to “lock” gun to the pilot
Electrical Defense • Stun Guns – Create a potential difference between two electrodes – Provide a low current, high voltage shock to attacker – Temporarily incapacitate the intruder • Tasers – Similar to stun guns, except the electrodes detach and fly about 15 feet • Liquid Stun Guns – Use current carrying fluid to transmit potential difference
Hand Weapons • Clubs – Use a brute force method of incapacitating attacker • Knives • Effective during close combat
Cockpit Isolation • Weapons should be totally removed from the cockpit • Bulkhead between cabin and cockpit • Implementation problems – Modification of structure • Door for the cockpit • Rest facilities • Barrier
Recommendations
Proposed Actions • Create new legislation – Phase out firearms in pilot’s control over time • Research new means of aircraft security • In interim, implement currently existing alternatives – Acknowledge existing legal foundation for changes
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