Automated Data Collection Technology Automated Quantities Reporting Spring

Automated Data Collection Technology Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management 1

List of Tools Integrated Scope-Cost-Schedule Model (BIM) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Ultra Wide-band (UWB) Equipment On-board Sensors (OBS) Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Electronic Timecard and Invoices, field laptops Object Character Recognition (OCR) Object Recognition 3 D – Imaging (LADAR) Electronic imaging [Data Mining], [network database] 2

BETA Commercial Software Location Based Scheduling, Finland Vico Control 2008 Take-off suite, Finland Tocoman Innovaya Building explorer Estimating & production database, Finland Sage-Timberline HCSS MC 2 Historical library RS Means Middleware Software Integration / BIM Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Ultra Wide-band (UWB) Equipment On-board Sensors Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Object Recognition 3 D – Imaging Electronic imaging Scheduling (Vico) 3 D Software (Revitt) Cost Accounting (Oracle Edward Jones) Forecasting (Federal Reserve) Document Control (Prolog) 4 D CAD (Navisworks) Quantity Collection (Field Engr. Excel) Takeoff (AGTEK) Software Integration (Vico, Oracle, Bentley) Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management 3

Integrated BIM scope-cost-time Building Information Model ADT 4 Object-component 5 takeoff map object. Tocoman i. Link components recipe 3 formulas estimator looks at process model and selects componentoperations 1 component-operations, recipe formulas & production rates 2 Middleware Tocoman Exchange 6 publish quantities Hosted Server Tocoman Construction Model Server / Citrix quantities 7 component-operations, quantities & production rates Middleware Tocoman Express Componentoperation library RS Means component-operations, unit cost & production rates Takeoff Quantities Tocoman Quantity Manager 8 Cost Model Sage-Timberline Process Model Vico Control 2 component-operations combined into activities Estimated work in place 4

5 BIM Model (ADT) Object Group Takeoff (Tocoman ilink) Map Objects (Tocoman Qty. Mgr. ) 4 3 Estimator looks at model, develop project planning & setup Project Takeoff Project Recipes Publish Qtys. 6 Citrix Server (Tocoman Construction Model Server) 1 Recipe components & production rates Quantities 2 Library Database 7 (Sage / RS Means) Components, quantities & production rates Middleware (Tocoman Express) 2 Components, unit cost & production rates Estimate Schedule (Sage-Timberline) (Vico Control) 8 Update from teach integrated Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management 5

SCOPE Object library Take-off recipe formulas Formula library Construction method Integrated or Middleware Production library Product model Endogenous components COST Process model Activity library Integrated or Middleware Exogenous objectcomponents Classification through WBS TIME Integrated or Middleware Operations Integrated or Middleware QUALITY Cost model Budget library legend project Planning & Setup Customizable Database / knowledge Humancomputer interaction Integrated or Middleware Exogenous Explicit object-components Endogenous Implicit components 6

Sim. AL Software, XLS, ADT A Simulation Access Language and Framework with Applications to Project Management, Jinxing Cheng, (2004) Stanford University “Allow users to simulate different scenarios” and integrate software tools in search of optimum efficiency *see markel Component of any project management tool is to allow multiple scenarios to be modeled 7

Interfaces for Searching, Managing, and Sharing Collected Field Data (template) Butterfly. Net: Mobile Capture and Access for Biologists, Yeh, Ron B; Klemmer, Scott R June 2005 http: //dbpubs. stanford. edu: 8090/pub/2005 -27 http: //hci. stanford. edu/research/biology/ Potential Cost/Scheduling System Connection User Interface Butterfly Net Meta data (WBS) link Sensorbased Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management Direct Measurements Field Notes/Photo 8

Electronic Invoicing & Time Cards Materials, sub work, cost code structure mirrors sub billing • Standard Template • Formatted for automated import to accounting or schedule software • Account number assignment – Account number provided with order or – Automated using type / time / location – Automatically generated account numbers verified or cross referenced Automated Quantities Reporting Autumn 2007 Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM 9

Object Character Recognition (OCR) & Electronic Invoicing Electronic invoicing & OCR technology has potential to automate quantity input. Hathaway Dinwiddie Y 2 E 2 project used scanning technology only for paperless archives. Could have used for data entry. scan data template match-up lookup account number transfer data to accounts 10

Auto Mapped Links Auto mapping to supplier server, government server, oversight, specifications, climate record, CIS 11

Database Queries, Data Mining or Data Analysis, Auto Mapped Links Gather data on suppliers, subs, owner, oversight, weather, standards, technology improvements, forecasting. Generate reliable quantity data from data sets collected by sensors Example: hourly rates adjusted to compensate fuel cost, requires periodic update from. gov server Automated Quantities Reporting Autumn 2007 Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM 12

http: //www. rctoys. com 3 D Imaging NIST - CMAG testing remote management of construction sites (Cheoka et al. 2006) Jobsite Procedures to Allow 3 D-Imaging (expand for other technologies) Effective range is approximately 80 meters, park equipment in designated areas & store material in designated locations CMU algorithm for scanner placement (Gordon et al. 2003) http: //www. dragonflypictures. com/ Radio / preprogrammed control surveillance unit. Time critical information gathering http: //www. dragonflypictures. com/ Surveillance and monitoring of ground based objects http: //vertol. mit. edu/prjinfo. html http: //www. trimble. com/trimblegx. shtml Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management 13 http: //www. leica-geosystems. com http: //www. christopherholt. com/subjects/construction_00. htm

3 D Imaging Smart Chips in Construction, (2002) William Stone, Alan Lytle and Karen Furlani, National Institute of Standards and Technology I-Site • Stockpile • Truck load • Cut/Fill • http: //www. isite 3 d. com 14

Photographic quantity collection Fard M. G. , and Peña-Mora, F. "Application of Visualization Techniques for Construction Progress Monitoring" Proceeding of the 2007 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Lucio Soibelman, Burcu Akinci - Editors, July 24– 27, 2007, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 15

Object Recognition Add other researchers 3 D image acquired from LADAR Expected time & place Expected object Time & (X, Y, Z) “Combining Reality Capture Technologies for Construction Defect Detection: A Case Study” (2003) Gordon, C. , Boukamp, F. , Huber, D. , Latimer, E. , Park, K. , and Akinci, B. 4 D schedule updated 3 D object library updated visual display object recognized from library activity code expected activity CPM-schedule updated Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management “Construction Object Identification from LADAR Scans: An Experimental Study Using I-Beams, ” (2005) Gilsinn, D. E. , Cheok, G. S. , Witzgall, C. , and Lytle, A. National Institute of Standards and Technology http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/3 D_single_object_rec ognition NIST proposal A. Lytle http: //www 2. bfrl. nist. gov/projects/projcontain. asp? cc=8614102000 16

Ultra Wideband “Performance Analysis of Next-Generation LADAR for Manufacturing, Construction, and Mobility” Ultra-wideband recommended for further research by (Stone et al. 2004) in NIST publication “Complex Permittivity of Planar Building Materials Measured With an Ultra-Wideband Free-Field Antenna Measurement System” (Davis et al. 2007) early research on use of ultra wideband to collect quantities without line of sight requirement. http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ultra-wideband Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management 17

Intelligent Equipment VIRTUAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION – A CONCEPTUAL MODEL (2007) Patrick Söderström and Thomas Olofsson e. Bygg – Center for - IT in Construction, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden (information rich model) for applications: mass-optimization, estimation, planning, visualization, generation of machine data and follow-up. (DCI) support modifications. (Remove) Obstacles in contractual agreements between actors. PPC from real-time measures of locations of machine-guided (GPS) equipment. Monitoring Construction Equipment for Automated Project Performance Control (2002) Rafael Sacks, Ronie Navon, Aviad Shapira and Irina Brodetsky - Technion - Israel Institute of Technology “system for interpreting data acquired automatically by monitoring the … equipment” Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management 18 http: //www. cat. com/cda/files/191058/7/AEHQ 5549. pdf

Intelligent Equipment – onboard sensors Past and Future of Construction Equipment, (2002) Cliff J. Schexnayder and Scott A. David, Arizona State University “Synthesized computers that instantly communicate by satellite with distant management teams reporting diagnostics, production, and position. ” http: //www. cat. com/cda/layout? m=8703&x=7 Commercially Available GPS Fleet Tracking, GPS-based performance reports detailing the following fleet management criteria: Idle times, RPM’s, Odometer readings, Speed http: //www. globalwave. com 19

GPS Tracking and locating components in a precast storage yard utilizing radio frequency identification technology and GPS, (2006) Esin Ergen a, Burcu Akinci b, and Rafael Sacks c, Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, c Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology “… an automated system using radio frequency identification technology combined with GPS technology, requiring minimal worker input, is proposed. The requirements and approaches needed to utilize the system for locating precast concrete components with minimal worker input in the storage yard of a manufacturing plant were developed. ” 20

GPS - GIS Application of integrated GPS and GIS technology for reducing construction waste and improving construction efficiency (2004) Heng Li, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Zhen Chen, Massey University, Liang Yong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Stephen C. W. Kong, Loughborough University “…the integrated GPS and GIS technology is combined to the M&E system based on the Wide Area Network (WAN). ” 21

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tracking the Location of Materials on Construction Projects, (2005) Jong-Chul Song, University of Texas at Austin Thesis on the viability to use RFID devises in the field. The devises were utilized as a tracking and location devise. In the final evaluation an accuracy level of 4 meters demonstrated. A Framework for Real-Time Construction Project Progress Tracking, (2006) A. G. Ghanem and Y. A. Abdel. Razig Florida State University “…automated system of reading RFID tags placed on items that send out either a tracking number, or other information for that item, directly to the reader. Keeping track of the material used on site, based on the estimated quantity will permit making a better estimate of the amount of work done on a construction site. ” Presented at: 10 th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Construction, and 22 Operations in Challenging Environments (Earth & Space 2006)

Automated Quantities Reporting Autumn 2007 Forest Peterson – Stanford CEM Haul Truck Onboard Sensors Bridge/Repeater • RFID – Transmitter • Quarry load out transceiver • GPS – Data logger – 802. 11 b Wireless LAN • MEM – Accelerometer / pressure transducer transmit static transmit identification data quarry transmit recorded data location data Sense tilt & load data transmit to server • Central Server Receiver – Cellular Transmitter Source: http: //www. engeniustech. com/datacom/products/details. aspx? id=174 Source: sparkfun. com Record of truck location, bed tilt time & truck identification Record of material type and weight from quarry transmission. Data received by central on site receiver, retransmitted in batch by cellular transmitter to central server. 23

http: //www. samsung. com Field Tablet PC Distribute to field staff – – – – – Electronic timecards & foreman report Communication Safety Searchable plans & specifications Object based (BIM) information Location based schedule View 4 D schedule http: //www. airforce-technology. com Wi-Fi / cellular link w/ central server Rugged solid state memory Embedded sensors i. e. RFID reader, GPS “Framework for Providing Customized Data Representations for Effective and Efficient Interaction with Mobile Computing Solutions on Construction Sites”, J. Reinhardt, J. Garrett Jr. , and B. Akinci 2005 Automated Quantities Reporting Spring 2008 Forest Peterson – Stanford Construction Engineering & Management http: //www. trimble. com http: //www. massgroup. com 24

4 D Schedule A 4 D schedule updated throughout the project duration could be used as an as-built, useful to maintenance personnel throughout the lifecycle of infrastructure. Scenario: Image borrowed from: Product Model 4 D--Construction Pilot, Calvin Kam, http: //www. stanford. edu/group/4 D/projects/calvin/PM 4 D. shtml On day 115, change order results in additional electrical wiring and revised plumbing. Updated 4 -D schedule records these changes while current and results in dynamic as-built. 25

Human Sensory Human sensory (similar in use as sensor): • 2. 1 Sight (object recognition) • 2. 2 Hearing (RFID radio signal) • 2. 3 Taste (material identification) • 2. 4 Smell • 2. 5 Touch (on-board sensory) • 2. 6 Balance and acceleration • 2. 7 Temperature • 2. 8 Kinesthetic sense (clash detection) • 2. 9 Pain • 2. 10 Direction (GPS) • Weight relative to resistive effort, this is heavier than that and similar to past experience weight of. The point is that the mechanical sensors are replications of the current sensorbased measuring tool, the human. See F. Peterson ENGR thesis draft (http: //stanford. edu/~granite/index. html) for a discussion of these humanbased sensory methods. Included in the ENGR thesis draft is a discussion of inherent limitations of human-based sensory, such as the risk of optical illusions in sight, and the accuracy of sight-based observational estimates of count, area, and 26 volume quantities.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) OSIS SOFT SAP JD Edwards input PLC sensor Process Control module output Control module 27

Social / Legal Issue Basic assumption in automated tracking systems is unhindered data sharing and access to site Reiteration of some commonly held concerns with data sharing • Data sharing could divulge embarrassing mistakes in design / estimate • Shortcuts taken by designer / estimator more apparent • Liability for modifications made after transfer of data Observed on Stanford Y 2&E 2 project: all electronic drawings are transferred as. PDF files Common practice: estimators will not pass on electronic version of estimate documents 28