Attributive clauses
What is attributive? • A lovely girl • Something new • the boy in white
who/that 1. The girl _______ is sitting in the chair is a good singer. which/that 2. The skirt _____ Mary bought two years ago is old. that/which 3. Is this the novel _____ you introduced to me? who/that 4. Where is the boy _______ broke the window? who/whom 5. Luckily none of the people_____ I know were killed in the earthquake.
• Attributive Clause（定语从句） • 概念 • 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句 叫做定语从句. 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 He is an English teacher who likes singing songs. 先行词 定语从句 引导词 关系代词 : who﹑ whom﹑ that﹑ which﹑ whose 关系副词: where﹑ when﹑ why
注意： 1 关系代词 和关系副词 在定语 从句中都要 充当句子成分。 2 当关系代词 充当动 词 的宾 语 时 可省略， 当关系代词 充当介词 的宾 语 且介词 不在关系 代词 之前的，关系代词 也可省略。 3 定语 从句中的谓 语 动 词 要和先行词 保持 一致。 4 定语 从句分为 限制性和非限制性两种。 5 非限制性定语 从句中的关系词 不可以省略。
先行词所指 关系词在句中作用 that which who 人/物 主、宾、表 主、宾、 主、宾 whom whose as when where why 人 人/物/事情 关系词 关系 代词 关系 副词 物 人 时间 地点 原因 宾 定 主、宾、表 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语
关系词的作用： 1、连 接作用 把主句和从句连 接起来 2、替代作用 在从句中代替在它前面 的先行词 3、成分作用 在从句中充当一个成分
that/who 例 1. The man _____ gave you the talk yesterday is our teacher. 指人: that/who (主语)
(who/whom/that) 例2: The boy_________ the nurse is looking after is my friend. 指人: who/whom/that(宾语, 可省略)
that/which 例3: The car________ is red was damaged yesterday. 指物: that/which (主语)
(that/which) 例4: The question________ I don’t understand is about grammar. 指物: that/which (宾语, 可省略)
Titanic is ___________sank after the ship which/that hitting an iceberg.
a nurse/ die in the fight against SARS Ye Xin is a nurse who/that died in the fight against SARS.
• It used to be a small town. It is no longer a small town. • =It is no longer the small town that it used to be. (作表语）
• Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be. = Our hometown is not the same as it used to be. = Our hometown is different from what it used to be。 = Our hometown is not what it used to be.
{ The woman lives next door. 2 1 The woman is a teacher. • Which woman is a teacher? • The woman who lives next door is a teacher.
1. The boys are from Grade one. The boys are playing basketball. The boys who/that are playing basketball are from Grade One. The boys who/that are from Grade one are playing basketball.
2. The nurse is kind. The nurse looks after my sister. The nurse who/that looks after my sister is kind. 3. We watched the play “ Teahouse”. The play was written by Lao She. We watched the play “teahouse” which/that was written by Lao She.
4. The young man is a famous writer. You saw the young man yesterday. The young man whom/who/that you saw yesterday is a famous writer. 5. This is the house. Lu Xun once lived in the house. This is the house which/that Lu Xun once lived in.
6. Where is the girl? You talked with her last Sunday. Where is the girl who/whom/that you talked with last Sunday?
关系代词的用法： 一、由who, whom, whose引导的定语从句。 who用 作 主 语 ， whom用 作 宾 语 ， whose用 作 定 语 。 whose + n. = the + n. + of + whom / which This is the man who helped me. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the Room 2 E
Mr King was quickly taken to hospital. Her legs were badly hurt. Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital. We shall make a decision about Ms King. I have told you her story. We shall make a decision about Ms King, whose story I have told you.
Which house is mine? My house 房顶是棕色的房子是我的。 The house whose roof is brown is mine.
I know the doctor. His daughter studies abroad. I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad. Have you seen my book? The book’s cover is red. Have you seen my book whose cover is red.
whose 在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词 与 whose 后的名词为所属关系。 whose 多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of which 互换使用。指人时可用of whom. This is the bookwhose cover is blue. This is the book the cover which is blue. of
Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? → Do you know the man the name of whom is Wang Yu ? Mary lives in the house whose roof is red. → Mary lives in the house the roof of which is red.
Yesterday she talked with one woman B ____ husband died in that accident. A. which B. whose C. of which D. that
• Who 特殊情况 • 先行词是all, everyone, ones, anyone且 做主语时用who. • Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. • One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. • Everybody who were willing to see the film signed their names here. • 先行词是those时， 用who. • Those who want to see the film sign up • here.
注意： ① whom, which 作介词宾语时，介词一般可放 在关系代词之前，也可放在原来的位置上；但是 在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原 来的位置上。 This is the person whom you are looking for. = This is the person for whom you are looking.
in which • 1. Have you ever read the book _ ______ there are many pictures? • 2. The man ________ he had a talk yesterday is a doctor. • 3. The gentleman _________ you just spoke is our headmaster. • 4. This is the new bicycle ______ I spent five hundred dollars. • 5. Here are the table tennis players, some __ _____ are our old friends. • The school has 2600 students, two thirds ________ are girls.
三、由that引导的定语从句。 that在从句中可以指人或物，在从句中做主语或谓语动词 的宾语. 但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语。 This is the school in that you will study. ( × ) This is the school in which you will study. (√) This is the school (which/that) you will study in. (√)
★注意 在下面几种情况下必须用that引导 定语从句。 ⑴ 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything 等。 All that we have to do is to practise every day. Something that we heard was of great truth.
⑵ 先行词被序数词、the last或形容词的最高级 所修饰。 The first thing that I learned will never be forgotten. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. ⑶ 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰。 I have read all the books that you gave me.
⑷ 先行词被the only, the very 修饰。 This is the very pen that I am looking for. He is the only person that I want to talk to. ⑸ 先行词既有人又有物时。 They talked of things and persons that they remembered.
⑹ 当句中已有who 或which时，为避免重复。 Who is the man that is talking to John? ⑺ 如有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用了 which，则另一个用that. Edison built a factory which produced things that had never been seen.
6. 当先行词为way时，定语从句的关系词可 以有三种情况: that, in which 或不填。 I don’t like the way you talked to B your mother. （choose the one that is not proper for this blank） A. that C. in which B. which D. /
7. 在 It’s time 句型中，后面的从句也可以看成是定 语从句，通常有下面几种句型。 It is (high / about) time that 主语 + 过去式 It is 序数词 time that 主语 + 谓语 (现在完成时) B ( ) It is high time that I _______to do the physics homework. A. go B. went C. shall go D. have gone A ( ) It is the first time _____ he has been here. A. that B. when C. at which D. which
8．one of + 复数名词+who/which/that +复数谓语 the (only) one of + 复数名词+ who/which/that + 单数谓语 B She is one of the students who ____ praised at the meeting yesterday. A. was B. were C. is D. are D He is the only one of the students who _____a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
关系副词引导的定语从句： 1、由where引导的定语从句。 定语从句在修饰一个表示地点的名词时, 常用where引导。 A book office is a place where tickets are sold. Where 在从句中做状语，相当于一个介词短语。在本句 中相当于in which，所以此句可以改为： A book office is a place in which tickets are sold. 因此定语从句中关系副词where= 介词 +which.
2、定语从句在修饰一个表示时间的名词时，常用 when 引导。 I still remember the year when we studied together. When在从句中时间状语，其作用相当于一个“介词+ 关系代词” I still remember the year in which we studied together. I still remember the year (which/that) we studied in together.
This is the house where he lives. in which = This is the house ______he lives. (which/that) = This is the house _____he lives in.
3、由why引导的定语从句。 ①关系副词why 的先行词只有reason , 在从句中表示原 因状语。 Do you know the reason why I left early? Why 在从句中作原因状语，其作用相当于for which Do you know the reason _______I left early? ②但如果关系词在从句中不是作状语，而是作宾语时 仍用that/which The reason ______ he gave us was unacceptable.
关系代词和关系副词的选用。 在定语从句中到底选用关系代词还是关系副词要看 它们在从句中所充当的句子成分来决定，有时同一 个先行词往往关系词却不同。 1. This is the factory which / that produces TV sets. This is the factory where my father once worked. (in which) 2. I’ll never forget the day that / which we spent together in the countryside. I’ll never forget the day when his house was broken into. (on which)
介词+关系词引导定语从句 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句多用于正式文体中，这 样的关系代词主要是which, whom , whose. This is the house in which my grandfather once lived. The film of which I’m speaking is to be shown next week. This is the man from whom I learn the news.
注意： ①这类句子中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾，这时 关系代词可省略。 This is the person (whom) you are going to work with.
②如何选用结构中的介词 ⑴根据从句中的谓语动词的搭配 on which I spent five Yuan. for which I paid five Yuan This is the book from which I learnt a lot in which there are few new words about which Tom often talks
⑵根据先行词的搭配习惯 the day on which I joined the league. I still remember the days during which I lived in the country. the years in which I stayed there.
四、as引导的定语从句: ⑴ as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从 句，并在从句中做主语、表语和状语，构成the same… as, such … as等结构。 I want to have such a dictionary as he has. I shall do it in the same way as you did. I like the same book as you do.
⑵ as引导非限制性定语。在从句中做主语、表语或宾语， 这个定语从句说明整个句子，可以放在主句之前、之中 和之后。 The experiment is very important, as indeed it is. As is known to all, he studies very hard. As we all know, China is a developing country. 常用于这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is known to all, as it is, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper
注意：which 和 as 的区别是： ①which不能放在句首，而as则可以；② 在句中时，as有“正如”、“就像”之意，而 which 没有。
下列每句均有一处错误，请找出并改正。 1．They talked for half an hour of the things and that persons who they would deal with a few days later． ____ that 2．Who is the man who was praised at the meeting ____ ？ that 3．Is this the farm where you visited the other day？ ____ 4．Is this factory which you visited last week？ as 5．I want to buy the same dictionary that you have． ____
巩固练习： 1. Finally the thief handed everything ______ he had stolen to the police. A. Which B. what C. whatever √ 2. He told me all ____ he knew. A. which B. what C. that √ D. that D. how 3. He was very rude to the Customs officer, _____ of course made things even worse. A. who B. whom C. what √ D. which
√ 4. Is the river _____ through that town very large? A. which flows B. flows C. that flowing D. whose flows 5. The most important thing____ we should pay attention to is the first thing ______I have said. A. which; that C. which; which √ B. that; which D. that; that 6. The songs _______ she sang in the concert yesterday sounded ______ A. /, beautifully C. which , well √ B. that , wonderfully D. /, nice
7. The result of the experiment was very good, _____we hadn’t expected. A. when √ B. that √ C. which D. what 8. You may keep any _____ you find． A．that B．which C．what D．whom 9. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person______ she could turn for help. √ A. to whom B. who C. from whom D. that 10. The Great Wall is the last place ____Mr. smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing. A. where B. which √ C. / D. what
11. They study in a small classroom _____ floor is broken ． √ A．whose B．which C．where D．that 12. Next Sunday is the only day _____ he can spare to join us． √ √ A．that B．which C．when D．on which 13. He isn't the man _____ he used to be． A．that B．whom C．who D．which √ 14. Please pass me the dictionary _____ cover is black． A．which B．which of C．its D．whose
15. Through practice we can learn a lot _____ can not_____ from books． A．which；be learned C．which；learn B．that；learn √ D．that；be learned
4．Is this factory which you visited last week？ This is factory which you visited last week. This is the factory which you visited last week. Is this the factory which you visited last week? This factory is which you visited last week. This factory is the one which you visited last week. Is this factory the one which you visited last week?
② which引导的非限制性定语从句。 I have lost my pen, which I like very much. She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor. She is always late for class, which makes the teacher angry.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词关系不密切（一种补 和先行词关系密切（删去影响 充说明，删去不影响全句意思 整个意思表达） 的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可省略（但在从句中 关系代词不可以省略 作宾语） 只可修饰先行词，不可以修饰 除修饰先行词还可以修饰整个 主句或主句的一部分 暗示被修饰的先行词不是唯一 表示被修饰的先行词是唯一的 的 翻译时先翻译从句在翻译主句 翻译时先译主句再译从句
• People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把 从句去掉句子就失去意义) • His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波 士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义 仍然完整)
• I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医 生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) • I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个 姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐) •
• Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼 得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast) • He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指 整个主句) • Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。 (先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修 饰) • Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学 习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要 用非限制性定语从句修饰)
1. I have lost the pen which I like very much. （暗示不 止一个） I have lost the pen, which I like very much. （暗示只 有一支钢笔） 2. I have two sisters, who are both students. → I have two sisters, both of whom are students. 4. This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers’ desk. 5. His father who is in Beijing will return to Yancheng next week. (×) His father , who is in Beijing , will return to Yancheng next week. (√)
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