ATTAINING RACCOON RABIES MANAGEMENT GOALS: HISTORY AND CHALLENGES Dennis Slate, Charles Rupprecht, Dennis Donovan, Jacqueline Badcock, Alain Messier, Richard Chipman, and Martin Mendoza Joint OIE/WHO/EU International Conference Paris, France May 27 -30, 2007
RACCOON RABIES MANAGEMENT GOALS Phase 1: Prevent spread beyond current range of raccoon rabies Phase 2: Eliminate raccoon rabies locally, regionally, nationally, c
Potential for broad geographic spr North America Raccoon variant Striped skunk © Roger Barbour/ www. discoverlife. org
Raccoon Rabies ORV History 1997 -2006 ~8 million baits in 2006 Raboral V-RG®
CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS ON INITIATIVES v. Real-time enhanced rabies surveillance v. Improve existing bait-oral vaccine/new more effective bait-ora v. Local elimination of raccoon variant v. Continental approach to rabies management
d. RIT- direct rapid immunohistochemical test negative positive
Rab. ID • Central repository for: – Public health surveillance data provided by states – Enhanced surveillance data provided by U. S. Department of Agriculture/ Wildlife Services • Surveillance shared via interactive mapping on the Internet • Phased in, includes 8
Current Raccoon Rabies Front Enhanced Rabies Sampling v. Strange acting animals v. Suggestive lesions v. Road kills v. Animals found dead v. Focal trap or shoot
ALL STATES % POSITIVE (x±SD) RABIES ANTIBODY RESPONSE ne = # events ns= # states na= # animals ne=11 ns=7 na=1, 468 ne=7 ns=6 na=302 ne=54 ns=11 na=8, 431 ne=37 ns=10 na=6, 813 7. 7± 6. 4% 8. 3± 11. 4% 26. 9± 12. 0% 30. 3± 11. 1%
…role of striped skunk in raccoon rabies dynamics? Skunks infected with raccoon rabies
ORV Zone Contingency Action Taken
Contingency Action Planning for Specific Rabies Variant Raccoon rabies is… vbeyond ORV zone (>80 km) vbeyond but near ORV zone vwithin an ORV zone vpersisting within contingency zone vspreading toward an ORV zone vspreading-no ORV zone established
Contingency Actions Integrated action venhanced surveillance vlocalized population reduction vtrap-vaccinate-release (TVR) v. ORV
Quebec Vermont
Trap-Vaccinate-Release
Challenges…. its r ba tition fo ompe n dynam ics ora lr populatio abie s de liv y sit cine of ba n iti g iz as are V OR g e d an cy n ue q re f ba itin pre fere sity y on den ti m popula od ure struct e n pulatio po ba bait distribution pattern tim e itat er n e td i hab vac riv ers tc n-targe no translocation target species t t/a ai pe ha s s lakes in ounta m m ajor roa nt a at it s hab ou d sy stem s b na tur al t ac tr nce metropolitan areas mo ve me inner coas tal pla nt in pine pa habita tte t rns
Role of vaccine spillage? ? ? Coated schet Fishmeal polymer
…Prospective Oral Rabies Vaccines Canine Adenovirus 2—Rabies Glycoprotein Other candidates (e. g. , reverse genetics modified live)
…Prospective Oral Rabies Vaccines ONRAB(Ad. RG 1. 3) Human Adenovirus vector v Encouraging results in skunks and raccoons from field trial August 2006 v Field trials continue in 2007
Local Elimination (? ) of Raccoon Variant of Rabies Ontario Raccoon cases New Brunswick Raccoon and skunk cases
Success Characteristics in Ontario and New Brunswick v. Rabies Emergence northern periphery of raccoon rabies range raccoon densities ~ 7 -10/km 2 adjacent to ORV zones in US v. Integrated Control Strategy heavily dependent population reduction and TVR ORV not used in New Brunswick
North American Rabies Management Planning Team Representation: Border states and provincial agencies, federal agencies, Native peoples, Universities Ottawa, Canada, October 2005 RITA Jacksonville, FL March 2006 Brasilia, Brazil October 2006 RITA Mexico City, Mexico November 2006 San Antonio, TX March 2007 Public Health Agriculture Wildlife
North American Rabies Management Plan …potential areas for collaboration v. Information transfer v. Surveillance and monito v. Research v. Rabies control
International Cooperation Northeast U. S. and Canada Rabies Vaccination Zones Canada-U. S. Raccoon- ORV Ontario Red Fox - ORV Ontario Raccoon - ORV Ontario and New Brunswick Raccoon - TVR
SUMMARY Progress Relative Progress Scale: low to high 1 2 3 Challenge/Initiative 4…………. Real-time enhanced rabies surveillance 2…………. Baits/vaccine 1…………. Local elimination of raccoon variant 3…………. Continental approach to rabies manageme
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