ASEPSIS AND ANTISEPSIS History of surgery Department Of

ASEPSIS AND ANTISEPSIS History of surgery Department Of Surgical Diseases Professor assistant, MD Gennady N. Gerasimov 1

Surgery • Is the branch of medicine, in which various mechanical or physical therapeutic manipulations are used 2

Surgery • The art or practice of treating injures deformities and other disorders by manual operation or instrumental appliances 3

The surgeon /from Clinical Surgery. Of Michael M. Henry London/ • Is one who makes people better chiefly by the exercise of manual skills / Operate first, questions later /. Surgeons have skills in management that go beyond mere manipulative ones and look after many patients who might possibly need an operation 4

Operation? 5

Operation • Is a specific mechanic intervention upon a part of the body for diagnosis and treatment 6

Operation • Urgent – to be performed immediately or within a few hours following the patient's admission • Emergency – should be done in several days after patient's admission • Scheduled – if the date of the operation is fixed before patient's admission 7

Operation • Radical – removes the cause of diseases, or part of organ • Palliative – relieve symptoms of diseases 8

Operation • • Consist of three steps: Operative access Primary step Finishing the operation, suture of wound 9

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History of surgery asepsis 11

Joseph Lister / 1827 – 1912 / • Made one of the great contributions to surgery by demonstrating that antisepsis could prevent infection. In march 1865 he began placing pure carbolic acid into wounds/ reduced concentration to 10, 5 and 2, 5 percent/. In 1867 he published his initial series of papers on antiepsis • In 1871 Lister began to use a carbolic acid spray to reduce contamination of the operating room atmosphere 12

Ernst Bergman /1882/ • Aseptic sugery was not generally practiced. When asked what was new in surgery 1882, Ernst Bergman said, « Today we wash hands befor an operation» 13

1880 s -1890 s • Sterilization of instruments came into practice, first by chemicals and then by steam • Hand washing and the wearing of masks, caps, gowns and gloves were also introduced about this time • William Stewart Halsted (1852 -1922) introduced rubber gloves for his scrub nurse, Caroline Hampton, because mercuric chloride irritated her skin • Joseph Bloodgood introduced ther routine use by the entire operating team 14

The introductuon of antibiotics • The discovery of penicillin was first reported by Alexander Fleming USAin 1928, it was not used clinically until administered by Howard Florey in the 1948 s. • In the Soviet Union antibiotics were introduced into clinical practice in the 1940`s by Z V Ermolaeva • Antibiotic therapy was a monumental advance inthe treatment of infections 15

ASEPSIS AND ANTISEPSIS 16

-LOCALISATION of MRSA- (WUND FORUM, 4/2000, s. 18) 17

Condition to make surgical operation • Asepsis - is preventing the infection of wounds and patients • Antisepsis – methods to combat bacterial infection in the wound, patient in surgical department 18

ASEPSIS is preventing the infection of wounds and patients • Nosocamial infection all KINDS OF SURGICAL INFECTION: 1 Exogenous infection 2 Endogenous infection 19

BASE PRINCIPS OF ASEPSIS • ISOLATION • STERILISATION 20

Exogenous infection • Air born • Drops • Dust • Mixt form • Contact • Direct Pat -- Per • Indirectoccupational Patient –Personal -Patient • Implantional • Suturing material • Prothesis 21

ASEPSIS SURGEON END NURSE • Prophylacxis of dust and drop infection • Special surgical robe • Special leather shoes • surgical mask • RULES • Healthy personal • STOP TALKING in surgical unit • Works requires 22

Protective glasses Protect the eyes from accidental drops of blood or other fluids. Do not limit the field of view Ensure the absence of refractive effects

ASEPSIS SURGEON END NURSE • Prophylacxis of contact and implantational infections • Sterilization of the Dressing material • Sterilization of the Surgical Instruments • Sterilization of the Hands and Gloves 24

METHODS STERILIZATION OF THE HANDS • Classic method Spasokukotsky. Kochergin: • Running water with soap 10 minutes • Warm 0, 5 per cent ammonium hydroxide solution / 2 x 3 minutes/ • 96 per cent ethyl alcohol/ 2 x 2, 5 minutes • Modern method: With Performic acid Running water with soap 2, 4 per cent solution / 1 minutes / With hibitan, Hibiscrub, Chlorhexidine Running water with soap 0, 5 per cent solution / 3 minutes / 25

METHODS STERILIZATION OF THE HANDS • Modern method: • With Pervomur: /formic acid 85%, 81 ml +hydrogen peroxide 33% 171 ml • Running water with soap – 1 min • 2, 4 per cent solution of pervomur - 1 min • dry with sterile napkin 26

METHODS STERILIZATION OF THE HANDS • With hibitan, Hibiscrub, Chlorhexidine 0, 5% • Running water with soap- 1 min • 0, 5 per cent solution Hibiscrub, Chlorhexidine / 3 minutes / 27

Mistakes of preparing hands 28

ASEPSIS of students • Prophylacxis of dust and drop infection • Special surgical robe • Special shoes • surgical mask • RULES • STOP TALKING • Works requires 29

Special requirements for students • Students can't disturb medical personal and patient's in surgical department • Students can't speak loudly • Students can't visit operation room and ward's without teacher • All information about patient or operation is confidential 30

ASEPSIS OF PATIENT • Routes of contamination: gematogeneus, limfogeneus, direct contact / Bite wounds 31

ASEPSIS OF PATIENT • Prophylacxis of endogenous infections • Treatment of mouth, skin, focus of infection by Chemotherapy • Prophylacxis of exogenous infections • Preparing of body: desinfection of skin and operative field • Preparing of wound 32

Micro flora of skin Resident microorganisms from 80% to 90% living on upper layers of skin (natural skin flora) and from 10% to 20% - in deep layers of skin (in cracks, crypts, hair follicles and the excretory ducts of sweat and sebaceous glands). Temporary organisms (transient flora, random agents), there are only a limited amount of time and reflect the recent contamination.

IODONATE, povidon-iod • 1 per cent solution for desinfection the OPERATIVE FIELD, DRESSINGS

HYDROGEN PEROXID SOLUTION • 3 PER CENT SOLUTION FOR SKIN, WOUNDS , MUCOUS MEMBRANES

ANTISEPSIS KINDS OF ANTISEPSIS

BIOLOGICAL ANTISEPSIS • • • ANTIBIOTICS PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES VACCINE HYPERIMMUNE SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS IMMUNOSTIMULATORS

Pathogenic microorganisms of surgical infections • gram positive and gram negative • Aerobic and anaerobic

Pathogenic microorganisms • Gram-positive cocci / one of major causative organisms of surgical infections/: staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, pnrumococci • Gram-positive class / are less important in surgery /: mycobacteria, spirochete, leptospira • Gram-positive anaerobic cocci – peptostreptococci • Gram-positive anaerobic class – clostridium, bifidobacteri

Pathogenic microorganisms • Gram-negative cocci: actinobacter, neisseria • Gram- negative class / often causative organisms of a surgical infections/: E. coli and pseudomonas, klebsiella, enterobacter, salmonella, Helicobacter pylory • Gram-negative anaerobic coccuses - beilonella • Gram-negative anaerobic class – bacteroids, fusobactery

Pathogenic microorganisms • Sensitivity to a drug – is the inhibition growth of microorganism in therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics • Resistance – is the preservation of growth's ability microorganism in therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics: primary/ before treatment with drug/ or secondary/after treatment with drug/

ANTIBIOTICS • Penicillins: Natural penicillines / benzylpenicilline, bicilline, phenoxymethylpenicilline Antistaphyloccoal – oxacilline, dicloxacine / are active against G+: staphyloccocal infections – pneumonia, lung abscess, osteomyelitis, abscess and phlegmon of soft tissues • Aminopenicillines – ampicilline, amoxycilline combined – ampiox / ampicilline + oxacilline antipseudomonas – carboxypenicilines, aslocilline protected from lactamase – amoxyclav, tasocine / are effective against G-: pseudomonas, proteus – burns, peritonitis

ANTIBIOTICS • Cephalosporins • 1 generation/ cefalexinum/ G-, not lactomase activity • 2 generation – cephaloridin, kefsol/ are stable to lactomase, spectrum – G+ and G- microorganisms • 3 generation – cefotaxim, cefaperazon are stable to lactomase, spectrum – G- microorganisms, anaerobic microorganism • 4 generation – cefepin, cefperoson are stable to lactomase, spectrum – G+ and G- microorganisms, anaerobic microorganisms

ANTIBIOTICS • Aminoglycosides –gentamicin, kanamycin, amikacin/ have broad spectrum against G+, G- and anaerobic microorganism • Tetracyclines – tetracycline, rondomicin, vibramicin have broad spectrum against G+, G- and anaerobic microorganism • Macrolides – erytromycin, oleandomycin, azitromycin/ G+, helicobacter • Fluorquinolones – ofloxacin, pefloxacin have broad spectrum against G+, G- and anaerobic microorganism/ E. coli, enterobacteriaceae, klebsiella

Routes of contamination • Peroral only in mild infection • Intramuscular in most surgical infections • Itravenous to achieve high concentration in the blood • Intraarterial to achieve high concentration in the blood + short time • Local application

Biologic antiseptic compounds • Proteolytic enzymes can lyse necrotic tissues. Usually used proteolytic enzymes of animal origin are trypsin, chymotypsin, ribonuclease; • those of bacterial origin – terrilitin, streptokinase, collagenase, asperase, ribonuclease, iruxol; • plant origin- papain and bromelain.

IMMUNE STIMULATORS • Improve non-specific immune defence • Prodigiosan dificit B lymphocytes • Levamisol dificit T lymphocytes

IMMUNIZATION immunization • Active • Staphylococcal anatoxin • Tetanus anatoxin • Passive • Antistaphyloccocal hyperimmune plasma/ of donors` blood/ • Antistaphyloccocal Gamma globulin/ from donor's blood • Antitetanus serum / from horse's blood

Tetanus / emergency prophylaxis/ • Immunised patients: 0, 5 ml toxoid as a single dose • Non- immunised patients: 1, 0 ml toxoid + 1, 500 -3, 000 IU Antitenanus serum/ 450 -600 IU Antitetanus gamma globulin/ • After 1 month - 0, 5 ml toxoid • After 1 year - 0, 5 ml toxoid

Tetanus • Specific tetanus prophylaxis: 0, 5 ml of toxoid are given twice a month REVACCINATION is done after 1 year - 0, 5 ml of toxoid • Repeaded REVACCINATION after 5 years 0, 5 ml toxoid`