Articulatory Aspect of speech sound Done by Aubakirova

Articulatory Aspect of speech sound Done by: Aubakirova Ainura Kuznetsova Svetlana Akulenko Polina

Plan 1. Psychological characteristic of speech mechanisms 2. Analysis of the articulatory differences of vowels in English and Russian/Kazakh Connection with other topics: The System of English Consonant Phonemes The System of the English Vowel Phonemes Modification of Sounds in Connected Speech

Psychological characteristic of speech mechanisms To analyse a speech sound physiologically and articulatorily some clayton articulatory mechanisms and its work should be introduced. Speech is impossible without the following four mechanisms: the power mechanism the vibrator mechanism The resonator mechanism The obstructor mechanism

Psychological characteristic of speech mechanisms The vibrator mechanism The power The resonator (the voice producing mechanism consists mechanism) consists of of the – consists of the vocal cords, they are diaphragm -pharynx in, the larynx, , or, voice -the lungs -the larynx box. The vocal cords are -the bronchi -the mouth cavity two horizontal folds" off -the windpipe (or -the nasal cavity elastic tissue. ’ trachea They may be opened or -the glottis closed (completely or -the larynx incompletely}, , -the mouth cavity The pitch of the voice is - the nasal cavity controlled mostly by the tenion of the vocal cords. Voice produced by the vocal cords ^vibration is modified by the shape and volume of the air passage. ' The obstructor mechanism consists of the - the lips -the teeth -the soft palate with -the uvula -the hard palate -the alveolar ridge

Speech Organs

Psychological characteristic of speech mechanisms

Analysis of the articulatory differences in English and Russian/Kazakh languages Due to the identical structure of speech organs of people of different places and nationalities all languages have sounds of identical types. But being identical typologically these sounds are not identical articulatorily. The differences in the articulation of sounds in different languages are explained by the fact, that each language has it's own tendencies and most of articulation, which form the articulation basis of the language.

Analysis of the articulatory differences in English and Russian/Kazakh languages The articulation basis of the language is all the articulatory habits, characteristic of all the native speakers of the given language. The main peculiarities of the English articulation basis are: the tongue is broadened and flattened; the tip is slightly hollowed out and slightly drawn back from the teeth; the lips are neutral, they are deliberately neutralized and spread, the upper lip is tense.

The System of English Consonant Phonemes There are four principles of consonant classification: 1. The type of obstruction and the manner of production of noise. 2. Another principle is the place of articulation. 3. The next principle is the presence or absence of voice which depends on the work of the vocal cords. 4. Position of the soft palate.

Speech Sound Classification We classify consonants according to: Voicing Place of articulation Manner of articulation Vowels according to: part of the tongue used Position of the tongue Lip rounding

The System of English Vowel Phonemes In the E. vowel system there are 12 vowel monophthongs and 8 or 9 diphthongs. The quality of a vowel depends, first of all, on its stability, on the tongue position, -lip position, -character of the vowel end, -0 length, -tenseness 1. According to this principle E. vowels are subdivided into a)monophthongs b) diphthongs, c) diphthongoids. [ i: ], [ u: ]. According to the position of the tongue vowels are classed from vertical and horizontal planes. From the horizontal plane vowels are divided into : 1. front; 2. 2. front-retracted ; 3. 3. central ; 4. back ; 5. back-advanced. From the vertical plane E. vowels are divided into: 1. close; 2. mid; 3. open. Each class has wide and narrow variations. According to the lip rounding vowels have 3 positions: spread, neutral, rounded. The next point is checkness

The System of English Vowel Phonemes All E. short vowels are checked when stressed. The degree of checkness depends on the following consonant. All long vowels are free. According to the length E. vowels are traditionally divided into short and long vowels, it is a historical phenomenon. Besides, there exists the positional length of vowels, depending on the position of a vowel in a word. From the point of view of tenseness all historically long vowels are tense, while short vowels are lax.

Modification of Sounds in Connected Speech Every speech-sound pronounced in isolation has three stages of articulation. They are: (1) the on-glide, or the initial stage, (2) the retention-stage, or the medial stage, and (3) the off-glide (release), or the final stage. In English there are two principal ways of linking two adjacent speech sounds: I. Merging of stages. II. Interpenetration of stages. The type of junction depends on the nature of the sounds that are joined together. As all English sounds come under the classification of consonants and vowels we may speak of joining: (a) a consonant to a following vowel (C + V), as in the word [mi: ] me; (b) a vowel to a following consonant (V + C), as in the word [σn] on; (c) two consonants (C + C), as in the word [bləυ] blow: (d) two vowels (V + V), as in the word [riæləti] reality.

Modification of Sounds in Connected Speech The modifications are observed both within words and word boundaries. There are the following types of modification: -assimilation, -accommodation, -reduction, -elision, -inserting. The adaptive modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant in a speech chain is assimilation. Accommodation is used to denote the interchanges of VC or CV types. Reduction is actually qualitative or quantitative weakening of vowels in unstressed positions. Elision is a complete loss of sounds, both vowels and consonants. Inserting is a process of sound addition.

MODIFICATIONS OF CONSONANTS Assimilation • t, , d > dental before [ð, θ]: eighth, at the, said that • t, d > post-alveolar before [r]: tree, true, dream, the third room • s, z > post-alveolar before [∫]: this shop, does she • t, d > affricates before [j]: graduate, could you • m > labio-dental before [f]: symphony Accommodation Lip position • consonant + back vowel: pool, rude, who (rounded) • consonant + front vowel: tea, sit, keep (spread) Elision Loss of [h] in personal and possessive pronouns and the forms of the auxiliary verb have. [l] lends to be lost when preceded by [o: ]: always, already, all right In cluster of consonants: next day, just one. mashed potatoes Inserting of sounds Linking [r] (potential pronunciation of [r]): car owner Intrusive [r]: [r] is pronounced where no r is seen in the spelling china and glass: it is not recommended to foreign learners.

MODIFICATIONS OF VOWELS Reduction 1. 1. Quantitative 1. 2. Qualitative Accommodation 2. 2 Positional length of vowels: knee - need - neat 2. 3. Nasalization of vowels: preceded or followed by [n, m]: never, then, men

References 1. http: //studopedia. org/4 -82132. html