Art Heritage and Civil Renewal Do we have

Art, Heritage and Civil Renewal: Do we have the right policies? Emily Keaney, Research Assistant, ippr 28 th April 2005

Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Background The impact of cultural participation Current policies Problems to overcome Taking it forward – policy suggestions

Civil renewal is an important agenda for the cultural sector “Objective II: Increase and broaden the impact of culture and sport, to enrich individual lives, strengthen communities and improve the places where people live, now and for future generations. ” (DCMS Strategic Priority)

So what is it? Civil renewal involves local people in identifying and solving the problems that affect their communities. It has three essential elements: 1. 2. 3. Active citizens who contribute to the common good Strengthened communities in which people work together to find solutions to problems Partnership in meeting public needs, with government and agencies giving appropriate support and encouraging people to take part in democracy and influence decisions about their communities

And how is it created? 1. Build capacity through creating skills, structures and support 2. Use this capacity to build social capital, deliver services and get involvement in governance 3. This should create civil renewal – a state where communities are empowered to tackle social problems.

The background • Social capital – Hanifan (1916), Bourdieu (1986), Putnam (2000) • Citizenship Theory • Civic Republicanism • Political Expediency • A Crisis in Democracy

The social capital deficit – has there been a decline? The US • Putnam – a dramatic decline in social capital In Britain? • Social capital in the UK has not experienced similar patterns of decline (Hall 2002, Johnston and Jowell 2001, Pattie, Seyd and Whiteley 2003, Curtice and Seyd 2004) Why? 1. Significantly expanded access to higher education 2. A less rigidly stratified class structure 3. Government action supporting community involvement (Hall 2002) But While membership and participation may not have declined many of the other correlates of declining social capital are present – low voted turnout, resurfacing of ethnic and racial tensions, crime (Johnston and Jowell 2001) And Social participation and social trust are consistently higher among more powerful members of society (Aldridge et al 2002, Grenier and Wright 2001, Hall 2002, Johnston and Jowell 2001, Pattie etc 2003).

How do we compare to Europe? * See Appendix A for figures for all countries

What is the impact of cultural participation? 1. Building Capacity • • • Vocational skills (Orleans House, BTCV, NMDC 2004, Cowling 2004) Confidence and social skills (Creative Exchange, 2005; English Heritage 2003 etc, Harland 2000) Social Capital (Cantle 2002, Shaw 2003) Although don’t forget the negative side to SC Identity (Gathorne-Hardy 2000, Newman 2005) 2. Active Citizens • Formal and informal volunteering, social participation

The cultural sector accounts for a significant proportion of formal volunteering* • Hobbies/ recreation/ Formal volunteering by selected activities in England & Wales, arts/social clubs 1991 -2001 recorded the greatest increase in formal volunteering of any sector between 2001 2003. • The cultural sector is the most popular activity formal volunteering and the joint second most popular activity for social participation From A Giving Culture: Getting the best out of the relationship between the VCS & DCMS, DCMS 2005 *citizenship survey sectors do not correspond precisely with the DCMS classifications of cultural activities.

Culture and heritage are also a major part of grassroots activity Social participation by activity in England & Wales, 2001 • Social participation is defined as being involved in groups, clubs or organisations – for example, being a member, attending meetings or events, playing in a team. From A Giving Culture: Getting the best out of the relationship between the VCS & DCMS, DCMS 2005

Although the private sector also accounts for a significant proportion of social activity

Cultural citizens are also likely to be Active Citizens Cultural participation and volunteer rates—Canada, 1998 Volunteer rates (%) Activity Participants Non-participants Acted or did other theatre activity 64 33 Sang in a choir or solo 55 32 Wrote poetry, stories, non-fiction 48 32 Did choreography 47 33 Did artistic photography 47 33 Played a musical instrument 45 32 Did visual arts (e. g. painting) 43 33 Did crafts 41 31 Volume of cultural participation and volunteer rates—Canada, 1998 Cultural participation level Volunteer rate (%) 1– 4 events 12. 9 5– 9 events 23. 9 10– 14 events 38. 7 15– 19 events 52. 1 20 + events 65. 6

What’s happening now? • DCMS emphasis through funding agreements etc – – – • Museums and Galleries funding argreements Conditions of Grant in Aid for English heritage Guidance for local authorities Policy and research in the cultural sector – – – • HLF Strategic plan MLA work on public libraries NMDC work on Valuing Museums Provision of funding – – • NDPBs* Local authorities Good Practice on the Ground – Local Heritage Initiative http: //www. lhi. org. uk/ , Amateurs as Experts, Lancaster University and the Natural History Museum http: //www. lancs. ac. uk/depts/ieppp/amateurs/methods. htm, Museum of Liverpool Life http: //www. liverpoolmuseums. org. uk/liverpoollife, Community involvement in planning http: //www. communityplanning. net/methods/method 100. htm *See appendix B

What are the plans for the future? • Making connections – • “We will strengthen our links with the voluntary and community sector, including through our new National Lottery distributor” Putting culture at the heart of communities – – – Regional hubs - investing in regional museums to enable them to realise their potential as centres of learning and creativity for their communities. Expanding libraries to enable them to fulfil their role as as vital social and educational centres within the community. Creative Sparks – building on the foundations laid by programmes like Creative Partnerships and Renaissance in the Regions to give all young people the opportunity to participate in high quality creative activity DCMS 5 Year Plan

There are some problems 1. Lack of clarity about what counts as participation. 2. Concern about experts versus “amateurs”. 3. Cultural activity and policy can be divisive 4. The heritage sector is focusing on and funding this more than the arts sector 5. Cultural participants tend to come from those groups who already have higher levels of social capital

Funding disparities • Arts Sector – Urban cultural programme – The Millennium Commission and Arts Council England. – Grants for the arts: individuals, organisations and national touring - Arts Council England. • Heritage Sector – Awards for All – Heritage Lottery Fund (in partnership with other NL distributors) – Local Heritage Initiative – The Countryside Agency, Heritage Lottery Fund and Nationwide – Landscape Partnerships – Heritage Lottery fund – Your Heritage, Heritage Grants, Repair Grants for Places of Worship, Townscape heritage Initiatives, Young Roots – Heritage Lottery fund

How should we move forward? – Improving Funding Provision 1. Funding for community led projects – do we need more for arts activities? 2. Funding provision in the private sector? Should the government fund discussion groups based around films, books etc? 3. Distribution of local authority spending 4. Targeting funding and development at those activities which are most likely to attract the most deprived participants?

Targeted funding - Different people like to do different things Data from the MORI Omnibus Survey 2001** Cultural Festival Carnival Film Library Museum Art Craft Video Book Event Female 0 0 0 + - 0 Age 0 0 - + 0 0 0 - 0 Education 0 0 + + + 0 0 White British - 0 0 0 - - - North 0 0 - - 0 0 0 Midlands 0 0 - - 0 - 0 South West 0 + - 0 - - + - 0 South East 0 + 0 0 - - 0 0 0 Musical Play Opera Classical Jazz Rock Ballet Historic House/ Castle* Female 0 + 0 0 - - + 0 Age 0 0 0 + 0 - 0 0 Education + + 0 0 0 + White British 0 0 0 0 + North 0 - - - 0 0 0 Midlands 0 0 - 0 0 South West 0 0 + 0 0 South East + 0 0 0 *This data is from the Time Usage Survey **See appendix C for more detail

Community focused culture • Extended schools – utilising the work already put in place by Creative Partnerships and the work planned for Creative Sparks • Continuing focus on local communities – Education and outreach – Exhibitions reflecting the local community • Where do we place our provision? – Libraries – Information/facilities in shopping centres, restaurants etc • The role of local authorities – Local cultural strategies – BVPIs (BV 114) – Self-managed sports facilities – an example of best practice? http: //www. idea-knowledge. gov. uk/idk/core/page. do? page. Id=640761

Volunteering Opportunities • Russell commission - cultural organisations should take up the opportunities – funds and support for small organisations to capacity build and to creative positive and structured volunteering opportunities – Large budget for promotion • Creating pathways into volunteering – Creative Partnerships – Arts Council – National Museums

Appendix

Appendix A - Individual Measures of Social Capital Across Countries (ESS 2002) Delaney 2005 Country People can be Trust ed People try to be fair Austria 5. 07 5. 55 5. 14 7. 55 Belgium 4. 81 5. 61 4. 44 Switzerland 5. 65 6. 19 Czech Republic 4. 25 Germany People Help ful Happy Meet with Frie nds Unsafe 5. 63 7. 58 5. 01 1. 65 1. 96 7. 44 5. 52 7. 76 5. 15 2. 01 5. 33 7. 96 6. 57 7. 98 5. 22 1. 84 1. 91 5. 07 3. 95 6. 27 4. 79 6. 75 4. 41 2. 37 2. 56 4. 61 5. 77 4. 85 6. 81 5. 01 7. 16 4. 84 2. 12 2. 39 Denmark 6. 99 7. 33 6. 12 8. 44 7. 26 8. 32 5. 39 1. 62 1. 85 Spain 4. 86 5. 21 4. 42 6. 93 5. 68 7. 30 5. 24 2. 12 2. 37 Finland 6. 46 6. 88 5. 68 7. 91 6. 35 8. 03 5. 17 1. 77 2. 17 United Kingdom 5. 05 5. 55 5. 42 7. 02 5. 07 7. 54 5. 13 2. 33 2. 07 Greece 3. 64 3. 68 3. 00 6. 26 5. 79 6. 50 4. 14 2. 20 1. 98 Hungary 4. 08 4. 64 4. 16 5. 61 4. 85 6. 32 3. 81 2. 26 2. 70 Ireland 5. 46 6. 02 5. 95 7. 46 4. 99 7. 89 5. 04 2. 13 1. 78 Israel 4. 76 5. 25 4. 38 6. 42 4. 88 7. 13 5. 29 1. 75 2. 04 Italy 4. 54 4. 61 4. 08 6. 86 4. 93 6. 46 4. 81 2. 12 2. 27 Luxembourg 5. 21 5. 57 4. 55 7. 80 6. 83 7. 92 5. 04 1. 95 2. 20 Netherlands 5. 71 6. 18 5. 25 7. 62 5. 83 7. 79 5. 28 2. 08 2. 13 Norway 6. 60 6. 98 6. 01 7. 76 6. 14 7. 88 5. 75 1. 65 2. 00 Poland 3. 72 4. 54 3. 18 5. 84 4. 07 6. 43 4. 31 2. 23 2. 47 Portugal 4. 00 5. 18 3. 79 5. 76 4. 55 6. 84 5. 52 2. 22 2. 62 Sweden 6. 09 6. 66 6. 01 7. 80 6. 12 7. 88 5. 32 1. 81 2. 03 Slovenia 3. 98 4. 68 4. 24 6. 57 4. 39 6. 93 4. 57 1. 82 2. 44 Total 5. 03 5. 59 4. 78 7. 06 5. 49 7. 37 4. 98 2. 00 2. 17 Satisfied with Life Satisfied with democracy Poor He alth

Appendix B – local authority spending on cultural services Local Government Finance Statistics, ODPM and National Statistics, http: //www. local. odpm. gov. uk/finance/stats/natstats. htm

Appendix C Table a: Demographic Determinants of Cultural Participation Film Library Museum Art B t B t (Constant) 9. 24*** 20. 77 -1. 74 2. 54** 8. 23 1. 27 5. 73 Number of dependent children in the household -0. 76*** -9. 24 0. 84*** 4. 45 -0. 15** -2. 54 -0. 18*** -4. 29 -0. 02 -0. 15 2. 40*** 7. 10 -0. 11 -1. 06 0. 01 0. 13 Age of Respondent -0. 11*** -24. 31 0. 08*** 7. 36 0. 00 0. 61 0. 00 0. 26 Age left FULL TIME education? 0. 05*** 10. 24 0. 07*** 6. 03 0. 02*** 4. 65 0. 01*** 3. 95 -0. 38 -1. 53 0. 23 0. 41 -0. 60*** -3. 53 -0. 33** -2. 70 North -1. 16*** -4. 48 -1. 68** -2. 85 -0. 79*** -4. 42 -0. 51*** -3. 96 Midlands -1. 10*** -4. 29 -1. 14** -1. 95 -0. 97*** -5. 46 -0. 59*** -4. 66 South west -0. 89** -2. 86 -1. 12 -1. 56 -0. 80** -3. 69 -0. 45** -2. 92 South east -0. 49 -1. 74 -0. 84 -1. 29 -0. 69** -3. 51 -0. 36** -2. 52 Female White British r 0. 14 0. 02 0. 01 0. 02

Appendix C contd. Table b: Demographic Determinants of Cultural Participation Craft Video Book Event Carnival B t B t 0. 17 1. 21 0. 85 8. 20 0. 16 1. 16 0. 57*** 8. 55 Number of dependent children in the household -0. 05** -1. 96 -0. 03* -1. 79 -0. 01 -0. 30 0. 04*** 3. 59 Female 0. 11** 2. 46 -0. 12*** -3. 42 0. 03 0. 67 0. 00 -0. 20 Age of Respondent 0. 00** 2. 20 -0. 01*** -5. 58 0. 00 0. 88 0. 00*** -7. 02 0. 00 1. 01 0. 00 0. 59 0. 00** 2. 85 0. 00 -1. 07 -0. 17** -2. 17 -0. 13** -2. 25 -0. 17** -2. 24 -0. 04 -1. 12 North 0. 15* 1. 85 -0. 10 -1. 59 0. 04 0. 48 -0. 01 -0. 21 Midlands 0. 08 1. 02 -0. 13** -2. 20 0. 11 1. 44 -0. 02 -0. 46 South west 0. 24** 2. 47 -0. 15** -2. 13 0. 03 0. 34 0. 20*** 4. 20 South east 0. 08 0. 87 -0. 07 -1. 02 0. 01 0. 15 0. 10** 2. 40 (Constant) Age left FULL TIME education? White British r 0. 02 0. 01 0. 02

Appendix C contd. Table c: Demographic Determinants of Cultural Participation Cultural Festival Musical Play Opera B (Constant) t B t B t 0. 50** * 6. 74 0. 27** 2. 31 0. 05 0. 33 0. 02 0. 30 -4. 07 0. 03** -2. 51 Number of dependent children in the household 0. 01 0. 98 -0. 04* -1. 81 0. 12** * Female 0. 00 0. 02 0. 01 0. 23 0. 29** * 5. 60 0. 04 1. 77 Age of Respondent 0. 00 0. 04 0. 00 1. 94 0. 00 1. 83 0. 00** * 3. 70 Age left FULL TIME education? 0. 00 5. 59 0. 01** * 5. 08 0. 01** * 6. 76 0. 00** 2. 52 0. 45** * -11. 02 -0. 01 -0. 21 0. 05 0. 61 -0. 04 -1. 14 -3. 17 0. 08** -2. 22 White British North -0. 02 -0. 45 -0. 04 -0. 62 0. 29** * Midlands -0. 05 -1. 20 0. 03 0. 38 -0. 09 -0. 99 0. 09** -2. 60 South west -0. 02 -0. 33 -0. 01 -0. 16 -0. 09 -0. 83 -0. 05 -1. 24 South east -0. 01 -0. 14 0. 15** 2. 06 0. 00 -0. 02 0. 03 0. 85 r 0. 03 0. 01 0. 02 0. 01

Appendix C contd. Table d: Demographic Determinants of Cultural Participation Classical Jazz Rock Folk Ballet B (Constant) Number of dependent children in the household Female t B t B t -0. 06 -0. 49 0. 50 3. 13 1. 89 10. 61 0. 14 1. 24 0. 01 0. 67 -2. 23 0. 17* ** -5. 10 0. 01 0. 61 0. 00 -1. 03 -2. 36 0. 26* ** -4. 45 -0. 07 -1. 75 0. 02** * 3. 58 -11. 89 0. 00 1. 11 0. 00 -0. 44 -0. 07** 0. 02 -2. 85 0. 54 -0. 07** -0. 12** Age of Respondent 0. 01** * 5. 26 0. 00 0. 23 0. 02* ** Age left FULL TIME education? 0. 01** * 3. 80 0. 00 0. 89 0. 00 -0. 38 0. 00 1. 22 0. 00 0. 87 0. 01 0. 10 -0. 17* -1. 98 0. 19* 1. 94 -0. 06 -0. 89 -0. 01 -0. 86 -0. 19** -2. 51 0. 00 -0. 03 -0. 01 -0. 13 0. 04 0. 58 -0. 02* -1. 63 Midlands -0. 07 -0. 92 0. 01 0. 09 -0. 03 -0. 31 0. 00 -0. 01 -1. 14 South west 0. 00 0. 04 0. 28** 2. 53 0. 01 0. 08 0. 09 1. 09 -0. 03* -1. 86 South east -0. 01 -0. 08 0. 05 0. 51 0. 18 1. 60 -0. 04 -0. 50 0. 00 -0. 11 White British North r 0. 01 0. 03 0. 01

Appendix C contd. Table e Determinants of Visiting a Historic House or Castle (time usage Survey) B S. E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 0. 52*** 0. 17 10. 08 1. 00 0. 59 Age 0. 00 1. 79 1. 00 0. 18 1. 00 Female 0. 01 0. 06 0. 01 1. 00 0. 90 1. 01 Year of Education 0. 06*** 0. 02 11. 01 1. 00 0. 94 Car Available 0. 71*** 0. 08 71. 17 1. 00 0. 00 2. 04 Constant 1. 81*** 0. 24 56. 47 1. 00 0. 00 6. 10 White *** Means significant at the. 01 level ** Mean significant at the. 05 level *Means significant at the. 10 level