Armor School Simulation for Training Dr Bob Bauer

Armor School Simulation for Training Dr. Bob Bauer 1

THEMES Requirements for successful Simulations in training are: Technology Instructional Design Management 2

Agenda • Past – Present - Future • Demonstrate examples • Describe good/bad news 3

Definitions: Gaming vs Simulation? Gaming: • focused on entertaining • education and training executed with simulations • can operate as standalone or enabler to live, virtual, and constructive • integrated training environment • use of commercial/government off the shelf games to train Gaming simulations: • real Soldiers learning and training in a simulated environment • experience without cost of simulator or live training • provides feedback that reinforces learning objectives • semi-immersive environment Simulation: • used in task/situational training areas to allow humans to anticipate • situations and react properly • decision-making environments to test/select alternatives • a method for implementing a model over time • any representation or imitation of reality • immersive environment 4

Comparison of Models Problem Based Learning Model PBL Synthesis Analysis Application Understanding Knowledge Procedural training Increased Interactivity Evaluation Bloom’s Taxonomy Cognitive abilities: • Focusing on knowledge construction • Mental agility • Realistic approaches to problem solving • Complex problem solving • Conceptual interrelatedness • Integrating multiple cognitive/procedural tasks • Critical thinking Task Based Model Cognitive abilities: • Analyzing a Task • Task Based • Establishing objectives • Plan Centric • Measuring performance with objectives • Structured • Sequential • Clear measures of “GO” and “NO GO” PBL – Problem Based Learning SAT – Systems Approach to Training 5

Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) 6

Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) 7

Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) 8

Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT) 9

Past Training Simulations PLATOON and COMPANY TRAINING SIMNET / CCTT BATTALION LEVEL TRAINING BATTALION STAFF TRAINING JANUS / JCATS Observer / Controllers Structured Training 10

Dunn Kemp - Example • Board game • Terrain modeled with hexagon • 2 players • Fielded in 70 s • Rolled dice to decide outcomes 11

America’s Army - Example • Multiplayer tactical/military FPS game (public version) • The PC version 1. 0, subtitled Recon, was first released on July 4, 2002. • Strategic communications tool for USAREC • 9. 3 M registered users • Up to 16 players on each of 2 sides • PC & console over the internet • Very limited artificial intelligence (AI) and non-player character (NPC) support • Very limited mounted play 12

Use of Video Games in the Army Participants – Over 10, 000 U. S. Army Soldiers 5, 248 enlisted 4, 796 officers Survey – 85 total questions – 15 questions applied directly to games – investigating demographics, videogame and/or computer usage Source: Jennifer C. Moore, Karin A. Orvis, George Mason University & Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area and James Belanich, Jennifer L. Solberg, Daniel B. Horn, U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences; “Who Plays What? Videogame Usage Among Soldiers and Potential Training Effects” APA Division 21/19 Annual Symposium of Applied Experimental Research , 13 March 1 -2, 2007, Fairfax, Virginia

DARWARS Ambush! • Description: – Multiple-user simulation/game – Learners perform individual critical decision-making and problem-solving in a collective environment – Used while conducting tactical operations such as Perform Screen Operations and Direct Convoy Operations • Current Course applications – – – Basic Noncommissioned Officers Course Advanced Noncommissioned Officers Course Basic Officer Leader Course III • Situations – Tactical scenarios/environments (versus terrain boards) – Combine previously trained leadership and tactical tasks – Cultural awareness 14

DARWARS Scenarios NCO: • Perform Screen Operations • Route Recon with Obstacle • Cordon & Search • Conduct Displacement Officer: • Fundamentals of the Offense • Fundamentals of Maneuver • BCT Full Spectrum Operations • Fundamentals of the Defense 15

O/C Map and Graphic What: CIV Traffic ACT: Traveling along RTE B What: CIV Traffic ACT: Traveling along RTE Stationary E /6 - 8 D 8 C 6 What: CIV Village ACT: Traveling along RTE TBD based on BLUFOR response 6 8 C A 1/C /6 - A C 11 9 B v 5 2 X 3 Troops SA/MG OP A 1 /68 C ER Plt begins in AA L FF E ZI A LI S C What: CIV Traffic ACT: Traveling along RTE Conducting logging Operations /L DR PL PL ER UC K AR PL OEPRATION: “GEREEN ACRES” TAA HAN EY LD 3/B LD NO PL EB X 1 BMP 2 X 5 Troops SA/MG/RPG Constructing OBS /68 C A AV OL 1/C IV 4 3 AV 7 LO X 2 BRDM X 5 Troops SA/MG/RPG Constructing OBS V IA NA AV 10 3/C NA IB based on BLUFOR response 16

DARWARS Demo 17

Virtual Battlespace 2 -VBS 2 • A fully interactive, three-dimensional, PC-based synthetic environment suitable for military training and experimentation • An out-of-the-box training solution capable of simulating a wide range of situations at the tactical level • Real-time rendering of large, high-fidelity terrain areas • Flexible, networked training environment • Comprehensive scenario editors • Rapid terrain generation • Rapid development 18

VBS 2 Applications • • • • Mission simulation/rehearsal Area of Operations (AO) familiarization Tactical training to Combat Team level Combined Arms or Joint Training Convoy training Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Defeat Analysis of Course of Action Fire Support Currently Alpha Testing Land Navigation Vehicle checkpoints and area control Procedural training for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operators Cultural Awareness training Visualization of weapon effects Training in urban environments 19

VBS 2 Demo 20

Games in General TRADITIONAL APPROACH Example: Define Requirements Program $ Life Cycle Management CCTT Abrams Tank M 16 Rifle EMERGING GAMING APPROACH Identify requirement for family of games VBS-2 Program $ Next Game Throw away games Next Game 21

Ground School XXI Where we are going 22

Maneuver Center Training (2011) More High Risk Training than any other Installation. . . Typical Day 23, 700 Soldiers in Training 92± Courses 600 in Ranger and RSLC Training: - 7 Days a Week - 52 Weeks a Year 1800 in Airborne 135, 000± Soldiers Trained to Standard OCS / BOLC / MCCC 600 in Branch Functional Courses 17, 100 in New Recruit Training 3600 in Officer/ NCO Leader Courses 23 23

Maneuver Force Korea Germany Italy Ft Lewis Ft Drum Ft Riley Ft Knox Ft Campbell Ft Irwin Ft Sill Ft Bragg / Pope AFB Ft Benning Ft Bliss Ft Wainwright Ft Hood Ft Stewart Ft Polk Ft Richardson AC Schofield Bks / Shafter Brigade Combat Teams ARNG 48 28 Puerto Rico

Ground School XXI • Learn from Aviation Training • Use FY 07 Capability Based Assessment (CBA) • Initial Findings – Current Operational Environment not well supported – Solution Sets include major upgrades and new training support systems "Take off the blinders, show me the realm of the possible. I am not looking for what we can do with what we have today. I want to see what we can do in the future. If what we need is 10 or 20 years down the road then , so be it. . Use Flight School XXI as the start point. I am not sure what can be done. . . I need you all to help me figure that out. Make it happen!“ General William S. Wallace, Commander, TRADOC at Fort Knox on 7 January 2008. 25

Flight School XXI • Initial Entry Pilot Training • Contractor owned – off post • 20 year service contract • $1 Billion • FS XXI Training Load Calculations • Trains 1, 200 Initial entry pilots a year • Aircraft specific advanced tracks: • 126 AH-64 D Track • 688 UH-60 Track • 186 CH-47 D • 150 OH-58 D • GS XXI Training Load Calculations • 92 Courses • 135, 000 + Soldiers a year 26

VISION Develop a simulation system of systems that: • Simulates/Replicates individual weapons and weapons platforms • Provides gunnery/weapons and maneuver training • Replicates weapons/platforms to match force structure • Trains both generating and operating forces • Supports individual through brigade combat team, mounted and dismounted • Availability begins in 2012 The simulation replicates: • Sight, sound, and smells of conflict • Weapons effects • Environmental weather to include temperature and rain Components of the simulation includes • Semi-Automated Forces (SAF) • Interface with LIVE training • Training Management system (Scheduling, student tracking, AARs) • Training Support Packages (gates and tables, variety of METT-TC) Train the Way We Fight and Operate, See It First in Training and Train First in Simulation Crawl, Walk, Run, Apply/Rehearse 27

Sample of Tasks Trained at the MCo. E Maneuver ANCOC (11 B) Conduct an Attack by a Platoon Maneuver Captains Career Course Conduct an Attack (Infantry Company) MGS Armor Basic Officer Leader (BOLC III) Conduct Overwatch/Support By Fire At Platoon Level 11 B 10 OSUT Engage Targets with an M 4 or M 4 A 1 Carbine 28

Stryker Company Virtual SIMEX COE OPFOR (SAF) Civilians (SAF) Conduct Overwatch/ Support By Fire at Platoon Level 1 st Platoon (SAF) Conduct an Attack (Infantry Company) White Cell Virtual Simulators • 7 Reconfigurable Vehicles • 1 Raven • 39 Soldiers Mortar Section (SAF) Company Commander XO Fires Support Team • Field Artillery • CAS Conduct an 2 nd Platoon & Attack by a MGS Platoon 4 X Stryker IFV 3 X MGS 1 X Plt HQ 3 X Infantry Squads 1 X Weapons Squad 1 X Raven Engage Targets with an M 4 or M 4 A 1 Carbine Medics (SAF) 3 rd Platoon (SAF)

The Problem The Army has done well with the simulations and simulators to train platform weapons systems. The training support required to integrate mounted/dismounted operations, asymmetric threats, non-combatants, robotics, aspects of full spectrum operations and emerging capability is lacking. The maneuver force must continue to train Soldiers and units to standard while: • The Army modernizes • The Army grows 30

Current Simulation Gaps • Dismounted Training • Mounted Supporting Dismounted and Dismounted Supporting Mounted Soldier and Leader Training • Ability to conduct battle command tasks in the classroom (e. g. , gaming - course of action development) • Ability to Prepare and Execute Operations (Leader Opportunity in the Schoolhouse) • Incorporate modernization • Link to L-V-C • Full Spectrum Operations 31

Full Spectrum Operations (examples) Mounted Support to Dismounted Operations & Dismounted Support to Mounted Operations Asymmetric Threats Noncombatants Acquire/React to Explosive Devices & Intelligent Munitions System Mines/Booby Traps Robotics CCTT COFT AB-FIST* AGTS EST 2000 * Advanced Bradley Full Crew Interactive Skills Trainer Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Does Not Meet Requirements 32

Training for: Conduct an Attack What Will GS XXI Achieve? AFTER: (many operational/product stovepipes, redundant processes, and gaps) (integrated operations serving common mission) MILES CCTT CT AB-FIST C EST 2000 AGTS S CA AT JC LFE X BEFORE: GS XXI Transformation Current: Objective: Add-hoc training solutions, disjointed training infrastructure elements, rice bowls, etc. operating separately Formations that achieve mission goals using most cost effective means 33

Considerations for Military M&S • Professional – Education • Modeling and Simulation • Qualitative and Quantitative • Limits of Analysis – Knowledge of the Military • DOTMLPF • Military History • The Decision Maker • Personal – Security Clearance • Government • Industry • Academia 34

Questions Technology Instructional Design Management 35