Arab-Israeli Conflict Palestinian Nationalism vs Jewish Nationalism

Arab-Israeli Conflict § Palestinian Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism (#1) Sovereignty: right to self government § Starts with the inclusion of several Arab nations – Still an Arab issue Israel and Palestine The Roots of Conflict video 22 mins One More from 5 minutes from Daily Conversation Crash Course

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Zionism: the movement to create a Jewish nation in Palestine; Jewish Nationalism #2

Palestinian nationalism grew with general Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire and with the end of WWI #3

Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in Europe stimulated ideas for a Jewish nation #4

Anti-Semitism § policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews § Hatred of Jews #5

Zionism Y GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine. Y Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl 1860 -1904

1897: Theodore Herzl founded the World Zionist Organization (WZO) #2

Theodore Herzl

The Zionists encouraged Jewish settlement in Palestine #3&4

The Zionist threat helped define Palestinian as separate nationalists

Despite much Arab opposition, most of the land was purchased from Arab owners

Palestine: British mandate after WWI #3

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 × In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. × By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs for every Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

1917: The Balfour Declaration: -supported the creation of a Jewish homeland -leads to more Jews move to Palestine #4 & 6

Hatred and distrust grew between Arabs and Jews under British control

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936 -1939 Their Goals: Z An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. Z An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners. Z A new “general representative government. ” The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al -Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The 1936 -1939 Arab Palestinian Revolt was a turning point.

Haganah, a defense force, was formed against Arab violence.

By 1936 it had 40, 000 troops

Britain, caught between Arabs and Jews, restricted immigration.

The Holocaust united Jews (esp. the U. S. ) for the idea of a Jewish state and WWII weakened the British. #4

1946: Irgun bombed the King David Hotel, the British military headquarters.

90 people were killed

The British decided to leave and turn over the problem to the U. N.

The U. N. Partition Plan 1947 Palestine divided between the Jews and the Arabs; Jerusalem internationalized #7

The Jews accepted the partition. #7

1948: David Ben -Gurion announced Israel’s independence

Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948

The Arabs rejected the partition. Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq attacked. #7

1948 Arab Invasion plans of Israel ( in red. ) From Lebanon and Syria From Transjordan and Iraq From Egypt

War for Israeli Independence 1948 Israel defeated Arabs #8

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Israel became a multi-party parliamentary democracy. #8

II. Effects of creation of Israel Palestinians became refugees in other countries throughout the middle east.

Map of Palestinian Refugees

Ben-Gurion became Israel’s first prime minister.

Three More Wars § War in the Sinai (1956) - Raids and reprisals between the Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel withdrew in 1957 after its access to the Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the United Nations. § Israel, Britain, and France attacked Egypt after the Suez canal was nationalized and Israel occupied the Sinai Peninsula for a short time 9 a

§ Six Day War (1967 War): Israel captured Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Old City of Jerusalem (which Israel later annexed), and Gaza. The war ended by a U. N. -arranged cease-fire. The United States called on the Israelis to withdraw from occupied territories but did not specify how much land it should give up. #9 b

§ Yom Kippur War (1973) - Egypt and Syria launched a joint attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day, Yom Kippur, to regain lost territory. Caught off-guard, Israel took several days to mobilize, suffering heavy casualties, but it forced the opposition back. Establishes Israel as the dominant military power in the region 9 c

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1958 -1960 Yasser Arafat founded Fatah: The Palestinian National Liberation Movement took control of PLO

1964: Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded. #10

1970 1974

2004: Arafat Died

Mahmoud Abbas became the next leader of the PLO/PA #10

Camp David Accords 1979 § U. S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. It formally ended the state of war that had existed between them for 30 years. In return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The two nations also formally established diplomatic relations. #11

Sadat Assassinated 1981

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Intifada (1987) § mass uprisings by the Palestinians in territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas) § the shaking § Causes: § Palestinians were angered by years of Israeli military rule #12 a

First Intifada, 1987 -1993 § In 1987, Palestinians became frustrated with their living conditions and lack of progress. § “They maintain that the Intifada was a protest of Israel's brutal repression which included extra-judicial killings, mass detentions, house demolitions, indiscriminate torture, deportations, and so on. ” § Often Palestinians fought the Israelis with low tech weapons like rocks, but over time, they gained access to guns and other explosives. § By 1993, 1, 162 Palestinians and 160 Israelis had died.

Oslo Accords 1993 § Secret negotiations between Israel and the PLO resulted in a treaty that included mutual recognition, limited self-rule for Palestinians § Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to work towards a Palestinian state #13

Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize #13

The Palestinian Authority (PA) was created with autonomy over the West Bank and Gaza (#13)

Rabin Clinton Arafat 1993 Olso Accords considered one of the greatest chances for peace #13

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Israel and Jordan Sign a Peace Treaty 1994 § Jordan became the second Arab country to recognize Israel § Trade, business relations, tourism, cultural exchanges, and scientific cooperation between the two nations have increased § but at a slower pace than hoped for initially.

Intifada (2000) § mass uprisings by the Palestinians in territory held by Israel (PLO and Hamas) § the shaking § Causes: § Palestinians were angered by years of Israeli military rule § Failed Camp David Summit & Ariel Sharon’s visit to the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif the holiest Islamic site in Jerusalem #12 b

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Camp David Summit 2000 § Camp David II § unsuccessful Middle East Peace Summit in 2000 § took place between: § United States President Bill Clinton § Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and § the Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat § Israel was willing to give up most of the occupied territory #15

Israel Begins Constructing a Security Barrier 2002 § build to separate its citizens from terrorist groups in the West Bank § effective in dramatically reducing the number of suicide bombings in Israel § criticized for dividing some Palestinians from their land places of work or study § requiring these individuals to wait to pass through security checkpoints.

“Road Map” to Peace 2003 § A plan developed by the European Union, Russia, UN, and United States and presented to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government. A three phase peace process that culminates with the creation of a Palestinian state. #17

Road Map to Peace § the plan called for a three phase peace process that culminates with the creation of a Palestinian state

2005: Israel removes all Jewish settlers from Gaza (occupied territory)

Hamas § Hamas is the largest and most influential Palestinian militant movement. § Social services and Terrorist faction § In January 2006, the group won the Palestinian Authority's (PA) general legislative elections, defeating Fatah, the party of the PA's president, Mahmoud Abbas, and setting the stage for a power struggle. Since attaining power, Hamas has continued its refusal to recognize the state of Israel, leading to crippling economic sanctions #16

In 2006 Fatah lost elections for the PA to the Islamic fundamentalist party Hamas

2007: Hamas wins election and control Gaza.

Fatah and Hamas forces began fighting

Abbas dismissed the Hamas government and currently rules by decree

Annapolis Conference 2007 – Two-State Solution § Revive the Road Map to Peace § The two-state solution to the Israeli. Palestinian conflict is the consensus solution that is currently under discussion by the key parties to the conflict § The proposal is supported by many international figures and agencies. § establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel #18

One-State Solution § The "one-state solution" § the creation of a single Israeli-Palestinian state § all of the present territory of Israel, the West Bank including East Jerusalem, and possibly the Gaza Strip. § Issues

Possible return to pre-1967 Borders

Upgraded U. N. status § The United Nations General Assembly in November 2012 endorsed an upgraded U. N. status for the Palestinian Authority, despite intense opposition from the United States and Israel. § The resolution elevates their status from "nonmember observer entity" to "non-member observer state, " the same category as the Vatican, which Palestinians hope will provide new leverage in their dealings with Israel § Israel states the move largely ignores the specifics of longstanding issues, such as settlements in disputed lands, and cannot substitute for direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.

Today’s Players § Israeli Prime Minister § Benjamin Netanyahu President of the State of Palestine - Fatah

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Why was the United States declaring Jerusalem the capital of Israel controversial? #19 CNN article 2017 § The final status of Jerusalem: § most difficult and sensitive questions in the Israeli. Palestinian conflict. § For years, US policy: has been to avoid declaring Jerusalem the capital of Israel without a peace deal § It appears: US sided with Israel on this issue § No other nations has its embassy there § Israel supports move § Palestinians do not – status of Jerusalem should be negotiated § UN resolution vote did not support move

Remaining Issues to Peace #20 § Control of Jerusalem § Palestinian Statehood (West Bank & Gaza - Borders? ) § Palestinian Refugees Right to return § Jewish Settlements in the West Bank § Security of Israel - Terrorism § § § Up. Front Video from World Affair 2015 – Borders and Barriers Link http: //upfront. scholastic. com/issues/10_27_14/ 2: 50 http: //upfront. scholastic. com/issues/10_27_14/