APA Style 花蓮師院科教所 李暉老師統整
General Format for Book or Edited Book (書籍的格式） Author/Editor. (Date of Publication). Title: Subtitle. (Edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
BOOK Weinstein, C. S. , & Mignano, A. (1993). Organizing the elementary school classroom: Lessons from research and practice. New York: Mc. Graw-Hill.
Cities that do no require states or countries 不需要註明洲或國家的都市 n n n n Baltimore Boston Chicago Los Angeles New York Philadelphia San Francisco n n n n n Amsterdam Jerusalem London Milan Moscow Paris Rome Stockholm Tokoyo Vienna
BOOK WITH MULTIPLE EDITIONS 有不同版本的書籍 Woolfolk, A. E. (2004). Educational psychology (9 th ed. ). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
General Format for an Article in an Edited Book 在編輯書籍中的文章格式 Author. (Date of Publication). Article title. In Book Editor (Ed. ), Title: Subtitle. (Edition, pages). Place of Publication: Publisher.
EDITED BOOK Wittrock, M. (Ed. ). (1986). Handbook of research on teaching (3 rd ed. ). New York: Macmillan. n CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK Anderson, L. M. (1989). Classroom instruction. In M. Reynolds (Ed. ), Knowledge base for beginning teachers (pp. 101 -116). New York: Pergamon.
General Format for Print Magazine/Journal Article 期刊雜誌文章的格式 Author, A. A. (Date of Publication). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Magazine/Journal Title, Volume number, (issue number only if each issue begins on page 1), pages.
JOURNAL ARTICLE 期刊的文章 Tschannen-Moran, M. , Woolfolk Hoy, A. , & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68, 202 -248.
Electronic Media 電子媒體 Article in an Internet-only journal Internet 上的期刊文章 Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001 a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http: //journals. apa. org/prevention/volume 3/pre 003 0001 a. html
Electronic Media Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date. If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document. 如果文件中的作者與日期不知道的話，那麼用標題開頭 GVU's 8 th WWW user survey. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http: //www. cc. gatech. edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey 1997 -10/
Electronic Media Internet articles based on a print source Vanden. Bos, G. , Knapp, S. , & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http: //jbr. org/articles. html See: http: //www. apastyle. org/elecsource. html for more information
General Format for Internet Document 網際網路文件的一般格式 Circles represent pieces of info that need to be located on the electronic document Author/editor. (Year/Date). Title. Retrieved Date, from URL
Example of Cite for Internet Document 引用網際網路文件的範例 Bryant, P. (2001). Biodiversity and conservation. Retrieved November 26, 2001, from http: //darwin. bio. uci. edu/~sustain/ bio 65/Titlpage. htm
General Format for an Internet Document Which Is Part of an Internet Resource Author/editor. (Year). Title. Retrieved date, from web site name: URL
Example of a Cite for an Internet Document Which Is Part of an Internet Resource Pellegrino, J. (n. d. ). Seamus Heaney. Retrieved October 4, 1999, from the Internet Poetry Archive web site: http: //www. ibiblio. org/dykki/poetry/ heaney/heaney. bio. html
General Format for an Article From an Internet Journal Author. (Year). Title of article. Source, vol. #, (issue # if each issue is separately numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from URL
Example of a Cite for an Article From an Internet Journal Fine, M. A. , & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48, 1141 -47. Retrieved June 7, 1999, from http: //www. apa. org/ journals/amp/kurdek. html
General Format for an Article From an Electronic Database Author. (Year). Title of article. Source, vol. #, (issue # if each issue is separately numbered), pages. Retrieved date, from Database.
Example of a Cite for an Article From an Electronic Database Kramer, J. F. (December 1999/January 2000). Valuing accounting practices. The National Public Accountant, 44 (10), 32. Retrieved April 4, 2000, from ABI/Inform Global via Proquest Direct.
Other Formats MLA – Modern Language Association n Chicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style n Turabian Style – based on Chicago Style n Harvard Referencing System n ASA – American Sociological Association n CBE - Council of Biology Editors See Formats for Citing References guide at http: //wally. rit. edu/pubs/guides/cite. html for info on these formats and others n
? Exercise
Correct Citations for Exercise Persico, J. E. (2001). Roosevelt’s secret war: FDR and World War II espionage. New York: Random House.
Correct Citation for Exercise Cullhed, A. (August 28, 2001). Nobel prize authors on time. Retrieved February 18, 2002, from the Nobel e-Museum: http: //www. nobel. se/literature/articles/ cullhed/
Crediting an idea Results of research on teaching suggest that classroom organization is a key to student learning (Anderson, 1992; Evertson, Emmer, & Marshall, 1986; Good, 1989). [NOTE: Articles are alphabetical by first author’s name within parentheses] OR Results of research by Anderson (1992), Evertson, Emmer, and Marshall (1986), and Good (1989), suggest that classroom organization is a key to student learning.
Quotes Many educators agree with Dewey’s (1940) statement, “Once is never enough when it comes to a good idea” (p. 79). [period after parentheses] Many educators wonder along with Dewey’s (1940), “Is once is enough when it comes to a good idea? ” (p. 79). [question mark inside quote if part of original, period after parentheses]
Quotations of 40 words of more are blocked and indented on the left but not the right. Miele (1993) found the following: The placebo effect…disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore the behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e. g. , Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276) [period before parentheses]
Headings: Using 3 levels Objectives for Learning (level 1) The items listed in the overview at the beginning of this chapter are examples of learning objectives. Although there are many different approaches to writing objectives, each assumes. . Kinds of Objectives (level 2) At a very general, abstract level are the grand goals society may have for graduates of public schools, such as increased intellectual development and effective citizenship. But very general goals become meaningless. . Mager: Start with the specific. (level 3) Robert Mager has developed a very influential system for writing instructional objectives. Mager’s idea is that objectives ought to describe what students will be doing. .
Headings: Using 3 levels Objectives for Learning (level 1) This is the main heading of a section. It is centered and all the important words are capitalized. No italics here. . Kinds of Objectives (level 2) The 2 nd level heading is at the left margin and all the important words are capitalized. Use italics here. . Mager: Start with the specific. (level 3) At the 3 rd level, the heading is indented, in italics, only the first word and the first word after a colon are capitalized. The paragraph starts on the same line as the heading (it is called a paragraph heading)…. .
圖 (Figures)的使用 本文中提及圖時，使用圖的編號，如 圖１，圖２等等，非如下圖 n 圖例 : 說明圖中使用的各種符號， 放在 圖內 ，是圖的一部份 n 圖的標題 : 圖的 簡潔 說明，放在 圖的下 方 n
表 (Tables)的使用 n表的名稱 : 簡短 、 清楚 、有說明性， 放在表的上方 n僅使用水平畫格線 n表的註解與順序 一般註解 : 註解 特別註解 : 機率註解 : *p<. 05, **p<. 01, ***p<. 001
文獻引用 (reference citations) 在文章中註明資料參考的來源，包括 作者與年份，需要時可以找到資料。 特別是研究結果的統計數字。 n 中文文獻置於外文文獻之前 n 中文文獻依作者姓氏筆劃 由少而多排 n 列 外文文獻依作者姓氏字母順序排列 n 年代以西元年表示 n
文獻引用 (reference citations) （ 續） 引用第二手資料時： *內文引用原作者，其後加註二手資料來 源 例如：李××和林 ××的研究 (引自陳 ××和 張 ××， 2002) 二手資料文獻列於參考文獻中。 * n
文獻引用 (reference citations) （續） 引用文字數少於 40字時 用雙引號把引用文圍住隨後加註出處 數，之後才加標點符號 引用文 ”(作者，年代，p. )， “ 、 頁 引用文字數多 (含 )於 40字時 以獨立方塊縮排 5格呈現，隨後註明頁數 引用文方塊 5 最後標點符號 (p. ) 。 引用許可 : APA允許範圍 500字以內
文獻引用 (reference citations) （續） n 作者 少於等於二位 時，每次均需呈現一或 二位作者。 李 × × (2002)與陳 × × (2001)或 (李 × × ，2002 ; 陳 × × ， 2001) 李 × ×和陳 × × (2002) 或 (李 × × 和陳 × × ， 2002) n n 作者 多於等於三位而少於等於五位 時，於 文內 第一次 出現時，列出全部作者， 第二次 以後出現則以 第一位作者及等 代替。 作者 多於等於六位 時，從第一次 只需列出 第一位作者，其他作者以等代替。但是，在 參考文獻處需列出所有作者。
文獻引用 (reference citations) 作者是團體組織時，第一次將全名稱 逐字列出，之後可採縮寫，但容易混 淆者，均以全名呈現。 n 同一圓括號內，有兩篇或以上作者時， 順序同參考書目之順序。 n
n Blanck, G. (1990). The historical context of Vygotsky's work: a sociohistorical approach. In L. C. Moll (Ed. ). Vygotsky and education: Instructional implication and application of sociohistorical psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press. n Bogdan, R. & Biklen, S. K. (1982). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and method, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
n Gee, J. P. & Green, J. L. (1998). Discourse analysis, learning, and social practice: a methodological study. Review of Research in Education, 23, 119 -169. n Meyerson, M. , Ford, M. , Jones, W. & Ward, M. (1991). Science vocabulary knowledge of third and fifth grade students. Science Education, 75(4), 419 -428.
n Lemke, J. L. (1991). Science, semantics, and social change. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Chicago, IL, 1991). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 334 828)
n 林崇熙（1996）：從革命到被革命─科學家 何以不願科學研究來研究科學。當代，126， 18 -33。 n 林曉雯（1994）：國中生物教師教學表徵的 詮釋性研究。國立臺灣師範大學科學教育研 究所博士論文(未出版)。 n 鄒理民譯(P. L. Berger & T. Luckmann著)（ 1991）：知識社會學─ 社會實體的建構。臺 北：巨流圖書公司。
n 黃瑞琴（1991）：質的教育研究法。台北： 心理出版社。 n 郭重吉（1988）：從認知的觀點探討自然科 學的學習。教育學院學報。13，351 -379。
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