AP US History CHAPTER 29 PROGRESSIVISM PROGRESSIVE

AP US History CHAPTER 29: PROGRESSIVISM

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q At the onset of 20 th Century there were 76 million Americans (1 of 7 foreign born) q This launches a new reform movement known as Progressivism!

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q Progressivism q GOALS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Stop monopolies Stop corruption Stop inefficiency Stop social injustice • • q Women’s suffrage Child labor Over arching goal was to use the government “as an agency of human welfare”

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q As the US became a modern industrial nation there was need for more government action and less pure laissez-faire capitalism. q Roots of Progressivism… Greenback Party 1870 s q Populist Party 1890 s q

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q Writers use the power of the pen… q 1902 a group of social critics known as muckrakers emerged. q They exposed corruption and injustice. q Used liberal media outlets q Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt q Jacob Riis q Ida Tarbell q Upton Sinclair

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q Jacob Riis Wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890) q He wanted to divert attention and show the life of squalor in the NY slums. q Influenced Teddy Roosevelt (NY police commissioner) q

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q Ida Tarbell Wrote in Mc. Clure’s q Laid out the ruthless business tactics of John. D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Company. q

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q Upton Sinclair Wrote The Jungle q Uncovered the horrible conditions of the meat packing industry. q q q Goal was to reveal the plight of workers. He horrified America and initiated Congressional action.

PROGRESSIVE ROOTS q Muckrakers were opinionated about the ills of society but gave no answers to fix the wrongs. q Cure= democracy (people) q Believed the public conscience would eventually remedy the problems. q Believed people were inherently good.

POLITICAL PROGRESSIVISM q Progressives q BIG were generally middle class BUSINESS middle class immigrants/working class

POLITICAL PROGRESSIVISM q Political Reforms of Progressives… The initiative where voters could initiate laws The referendum where voters could vote proposed bills into law. The recall where voters could remove elected officials rather then waiting for term to end. Secret ballot to help get a true vote and avoid intimidation. The direct election of senators by the people. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. • 6. 1913 with 17 th amendment Female suffrage (1920)

PROGRESSIVISM IN THE CITIES AND STATES q Progressivism took off at the local level before the national level. q Local leaders cracked down on “slumlords”, prostitution and juvenile delinquency. q Wisconsin q Gov. was the leader for states. Robert La. Follette took power back from the big business and gave it to the people.

PROGRESSIVE WOMEN q Like most reform movements women again were the catalyst of the Progressive movement. q Focused q EX: their changes on family ills Child Labor

PROGRESSIVE WOMEN q Triangle Shirtwaist Company: q Burnt down in 1911, trapping/killing 146 mostly young, women workers. q Gained “yellow press” coverage q Public outcry prompted many states to pass laws regulating hours and conditions in such “sweatshops” and to pass workers’ compensation laws. q Reformers gained momentum after this!

PROGRESSIVE WOMEN q Alcohol was another battle women waged… q Francis Willard founded the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) q 1 Million women joined q Movement culminated with the 18 th Amendment in 1919 (Prohibition) which banned alcohol’s sale, consumption and possession.

TR’S SQUARE DEAL FOR LABOR q TR had been moved by muckrakers/reformers q TR 1. 2. 3. Pursues the “Three C’s”: Control of the corporations Consumer protection Conservation of natural resources

TR’S SQUARE DEAL FOR LABOR q In q q 1902 coal miners in PA went on strike Called for 20% pay increase Work hour reduction from 10 to 9/day q RESULTS: q q q Nation felt effects of coal shortage TR threatened to use federal troops to operate mines. q Groups reached arbitration q Workers got 10% increase and 9 hr work day Dept. of Commerce and Labor is formed by Congress as a result of this.

TR CORRALS THE CORPORATIONS q There have been attempts to corral the TRUST already (EX: Interstate Commerce Commission 1887, Sherman Anti. Trust Act) q It has not been very successful q RESULT: q Elkins Act 1903 q Banned q Hepburn q Placed and prosecuted rebates awarded by RR’s Act restrictions on free passes for RR’s

“[A] man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, and they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. ” Upton Sinclair: The Jungle

TR CORRALS THE CORPORATIONS q TR believed there were “good” and “bad” trusts had to go q Attacked 40 Trusts (beef, sugar, fertilizer and harvester trusts) q Most noteworthy target = Northern Securities Company run by J. P Morgan

CARING FOR THE CONSUMER q Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle helped gross the American public out about industry. q Congress took action and passed the Meat Inspection Act 1906 q Meat q Pure was inspected by USDA Food and Drug Act was also passed. q Ensure q Made proper labeling of food and drugs. Europe trust American meat = helped exports

EARTH CONTROL q By 1900 US realizes land/resources are not inexhaustible and Congress takes action. q Desert Land Act of 1877 q Forest Reserve Act of 1891 q Carey Act of 1894 q TR’s Presidency truly began new era of conservation as he took action.

EARTH CONTROL q Accomplishments… Irrigate the western deserts (Newlands Act of 1902) q Preserve the trees q q The Roosevelt/Muir dispute: John Muir felt the lands should be set aside and not touched. q Roosevelt felt land should be managed and used for benefit of the people. q Multiple-use resource management q q Use land for recreation, reservoirs, logging, stock grazing (summer) q Hetchy Valley Gorge (Dispute)

THE “ROOSEVELT PANIC” OF 1907 q Roosevelt announced in 1904 he would not run for a third term = loss in power q In 1907 the economy took a sudden downturn. q Called the “Roosevelt Panic” : he was blamed like most presidents. q REVEALED SUPPLY. THE NEED FOR A MORE ELASTIC CURRENCY

THE “ROOSEVELT PANIC” OF 1907 q The banks needed to be able to release money reserves into circulation if times got tough. q Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908): authorized national banks to release money into circulation. q This in turn would lead to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913

TEDDY ROOSEVELT'S LEGACY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. TR was an extremely popular president Brought Big Business under control Increased the power of presidency Initiated reforms 1 st modern president Showed US was a world power

THE ROUGH RIDER THUNDERS OUT q Election of 1908 q TR endorses William Howard Taft q William Jennings Bryan (DEM) q Taft rides TR’s popularity to victory

THE DOLLAR GOES ABROAD AS DIPLOMAT q Dollar Diplomacy: Americans invested in foreign countries to gain power. q Wall Street would invest in other nations = strengthen the U. S and make money at the same time. q Taft used this sneaky strategy whereas TR used inyour face “Big Stick Policy”

THE DOLLAR GOES ABROAD AS DIPLOMAT q Dollar Diplomacy Setback q Taft wanted to buy Manchuria RR from Russia and Japan. q Then q turn them over to China Strengthen Open Door Policy and relations with China q Russia and Japan blocked Sec. of State Philander Knox’s deal.

THE DOLLAR GOES ABROAD AS DIPLOMAT q Latin America was a hot spot for DD q Reason= Monroe Doctrine (only US could invest) q The Heavy Investment of US Dollars meant they had even greater interest in Latin America q This meant that US got more involved

TAFT THE TRUSTBUSTER q Taft was the real Trustbuster not TR q Brought 90 lawsuits against Trusts (4 yrs) q Notable: q Standard q U. S. Oil broken up in 1911 Steel Company: Taft wanted to break it up, TR thought it was a “good Trust” = feud between the two.

TAFT SPLITS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY q Two issues split Rep Party q Tariff q Conservation of Lands q Payne-Aldrich Bill: split party

TAFT SPLITS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 1. Tariff 2. Old Rep = High Tariff q Progressives = low tariff Old = using/developing lands for business q Progressives = favored conservations of land. q q q Taft= mild Progressive q q Payne-Aldrich Bill actually broke is campaign promise Senate added increases before it was signed Conservation q Ballinger-Pinchot Quarrel (1910) q q Very unpopular decision by Taft fired Gifford Pinchot after he criticized Sec. of Interior Richard Ballinger for opening up public lands for development in Wyoming, Montana and Alaska.

TAFT SPLITS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY q Split in party became apparent in 1910 Congressional Election q The split between Republicans allowed the Democrats to win the majority in the House.

THE TAFT-ROOSEVELT RUPTURE q. A new party emerges in the National Republican League in 1911 q TR threw “his hat in the ring” saying he hadn’t wanted three consecutive terms. q Roosevelt is named the Progressive Republican candidate q Election q Taft of 1912 won the Republican nomination (incumbent) q TR simply ran as a 3 rd party candidate after not getting nomination.