АНТРОПОГЕН The Gelasian age was introduced in the

АНТРОПОГЕН The Gelasian age was introduced in the geologic timescale in 1998. It is named after the Sicilian city of Gela in the south of the island. In 2009 it was moved from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene so that the geologic time scale be more consistent with the key changes in Earth's climate, oceans, and biota that occurred 2. 588 million years ago.

КЛІМАТОХРОНОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПОДІЛ ГОЛОЦЕНУ

PHANEROZOIC CLIMATE CHANGE Relative changes in oxygen isotope ratios can be interpreted as rough changes in climate. It is estimated that each 1 part per thousand change in 18 O represents roughly a 1. 5 -2 °C change in tropical sea surface temperatures. The blue bars are showing periods when geological criteria indicate cold temperatures and glaciation. The J-К period, plotted as a lighter blue bar, was interpreted as a "cool" period on geological grounds, but the configuration of continents at that time appears to have prevented the formation of large scale ice sheets. The "short-term average" is a σ = 3 Myr, the "long-term average" is a σ = 15 Myr Gaussian average of the short-term record.

Percentage of genera that are present in each interval of time but do not exist in the following interval GREAT PERMIAN EXTINCTION (COLLOQUIALLY KNOWN AS THE GREAT DYING) The Permian-Triassic extinction event is the most significant event for marine genera, with just over 50% failing to survive Millions of years ago It is the Earth's most severe known extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct. It is the only known mass extinction of insects. Some 57% of all families and 83% of all genera became extinct. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on Earth took significantly longer than after any other extinction event, possibly up to 10 million years.

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СLIMATE CHANGE OVER THE LAST 65 MILLION YEARS The data are based on a compilation of oxygen isotope measurements 18 O on benthic foraminifera which reflect a combination of local temperature changes in their environment and changes in the isotopic composition of sea water associated with the growth and retreat of continental ice sheets. (present day is indicated as 0)

ПРИЧИНИ КЛІМАТИЧНИХ КОЛИВАНЬ Мілутин МІЛАНКОВИЧ (1879– 1958)

TEMPERATURE CHANGES OBSERVED IN ANTARCTICA DURING THE ICE AGES

CLIMATE CHANGE DURING THE LAST FIVE MILLION YEARS Oscillations by Willi Dansgaard and Hans Oeschger The rapid oscillations in the glacial state are showing

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HOLOCENE TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS The records are plotted with respect to the mid 20 th century average temperature

RECONSTRUCTED TEMPERATURE FROM GREENLAND (GISP 2 ICE CORE) PLUS BOND EVENTS North Atlantic climate fluctuations occurring every ≈1470 years

BOND EVENT NO 7: MAMMOTHS EXTINCTION Why mammoths became extinct? God, why? • global warming; • by hunters of the Upper Paleolithic, in particular through the excessive extermination; • loss of genetic diversity; • Mammoth pandemic diseases (tuberculosis). Dale Guthrie (Дейл Гатрі): Increased humidity and warming that occurred 11, 5 -13, 5 thousand years ago led to the fact that edible plants began to meet in more northern areas. After them there were moved the horses, mammoths, bison and deer. But then the climate, which is more warmer, played havoc with the large mammals. Here grew the trees, depriving light for the low-growing plants that the animals ate. With the forest their food is moved from the ground to the treetops and was not available for them. Probably as a result, deer and bison have adapted to the new landscape better than mammoths and horses. At the same time the spread of forests in Siberia, Alaska and then other parts of north continents there were appears a people who were engaged in hunting. Shortly thereafter, a prehistoric horse, and then the mammoth were died out. The population of bison and deer declined, but they survived, like moose.

WHO IS OUR PROGENITOR? Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis (600 -30 Kyr ago) Homo ergaster (1, 8 -1, 4 Myr ago) Homo habilis (2, 6 -2, 5 Myr ago) Homo sapiens Cromagnonsis (150 -10 Kyr ago)

MAN EVENT NO 1: MAMMOTHS DE-EXTINCTION An estimated 150 million mammoths are buried in the Siberian tundra. The use of preserved genetic material to create living mammoth specimens, particularly in regard to the woolly mammoth, has long been discussed theoretically but has only recently become the subject of formal effort. As of 2015, there are three major ongoing projects, one led by Akira Iritani of Japan, another by Hwang Woo-suk of South Korea, and the Long Now Foundation, attempting to create a mammoth-elephant hybrid. In April 2015, Swedish scientists published the complete genome (complete DNA sequence) of the woolly mammoth. Meanwhile, a Harvard University team is already attempting to study the animals' characteristics by inserting some mammoth genes into Asian elephant stem cells. So far, the team placed mammoth genes involved in blood, fat and hair into elephant stem cells in order to study the effects of these genes in laboratory cultured cells. It is still unknown if the actual cloning of a living woolly mammoth is possible. The projects are based on finding suitable mammoth DNA in frozen bodies, sequencing its genome and, if possible, gradually combining the DNA with elephant cells. If the cells turn viable in laboratory tests, the next challenge would be creating a viable "mammoth" hybrid embryo by inseminating an elephant egg in vitro. The percent mammoth contribution to the genome would be gradually increased on each hybrid embryo produced in vitro. If a viable hybrid embryo is obtained, it may be possible to implant it into a female Asian elephant housed in a zoo. With the current knowledge and technology, it is still unlikely that the hybrid embryo would be carried through the twoyear gestation.

RECONSTRUCTIONS OF MEAN TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE LAST 2 MILLENNIUMS More recent reconstructions are plotted towards the front and in redder colors, older reconstructions appear towards the back and in bluer colors. An instrumental history of temperature is also shown in black. Each reconstruction was adjusted so that its mean matched the mean of the instrumental record during the period of overlap.

RECONSTRUCTIONS OF MEAN TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE 2 ND MILLENNIUM More recent reconstructions are plotted towards the front and in redder colors, older reconstructions appear towards the back and in bluer colors. An instrumental history of temperature is also shown in black. Each reconstruction was adjusted so that its mean matched the mean of the instrumental record during the period of overlap.

АБРАХАМ ХОНДИУС (1631– 1691) “THE FROZEN THAMES” (1677)

GABRIELE BELLA. THE FROZEN LAGOON IN 1708 (VENEZIA)

INSTRUMENTAL TEMPERATURE RECORD OF THE LAST 150 YEARS

ГОЛОЦЕН СУЧАСНИЙ КЛІМАТИЧНИЙ ОПТИМУМ

CLIMATE CHANGE ATTRIBUTION

ДЯКУЄМО ЗА УВАГУ!