ANNEX 14 AERODROMES Part II Aviation Management College

ANNEX 14: AERODROMES Part II Aviation Management College Airport Management Ms. Zuliana Ismail 1

ANNEX 14 Chapter 4 Obstacle Limitation Surfaces 2

Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) Defined by ICAO Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) also known as ‘imaginary surfaces’. WHY ? ? To ensure the safety of operations in the airspace around aerodromes – (area must free of obstacle, prevent the growth of obstacles) 3

HOW ? ? ICAO define the maximum allowable height of any structures that can be placed in the area surrounding the runway. – height of buildings, antennas, trees

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OLS defined by ICAO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Inner horizontal surface Conical surface Approach surface Transitional surface Takeoff climb surface

OLS defined by ICAO (Top View) (Side View)

1. Inner horizontal surface A surface located above an aerodrome and its surrounding area. Normally be in circle. Radius depends on the type of runway. The height is 45 m. The purpose is to protect airspace for visual circling prior to landing. 8

2. Conical surface A surface sloping upwards from the outer edge of the inner hori zontal surface. 3. Approach surface: Protects the approach to the runway from obstructions. Inner approach surface: Protects the part of the approach closest to the runway threshold. 9

4. Transitional surfaces Located on either side of the runway. Protect the area near the runway. 5. Takeoff climb surface To prevent obstructions to the paths of departing aircraft near a runway. 10

Dimensions of OLS Approach Runways

ANNEX 14 Chapter 5 7 Visual Aids for Navigation 12

Annex 14 - Visual Aids Airport Markings Airport Lighting: Runway & Taxiway Airport Signs

Objectives Be familiar with airport lighting, signage and markings. Describe the various navigational aids that exist on aerodromes. 14

Airport Markings

Importance of Airport markings To provide information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing. To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.

Runway Markings Non-Instrument Runway (NI) Precision Runway (P) Aiming point Touchdown zone Designators Threshold Non-Precision Runway (NP) 17

Runway Markings Runway Designators: Magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runway Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings. Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for landing operations Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing. 18

Taxiway Markings All taxiways should have centerline markings. Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line Taxiway Centerline 19

Taxiway Markings Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway (location or direction) Surface Painted Signs

Taxiway Markings Geographic Position Markings: to identify the location of taxiing aircraft during low visibility operations.

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Airport Signs

Importance of the Signs To show mandatory instructions, information on a specific location or destination in the aerodrome. Characteristics of signs: – – Clear Rectangular Different colours for each category Illuminated (light up)

Airport Signs Runway distance remaining signs: Landing distance remaining Destination signs: To show direction to the specific destinations (cargo areas, military areas, international areas, etc. ) Location signs: To identify aircraft location. Direction signs: To indicate the intersection for aircraft turning. Mandatory signs: To indicate that aircraft ARE NOT ALLOWED to enter (runway entrance & critical areas) 25

Airport Signs 1. Mandatory signs 2. Location signs 26

Airport Signs 3. Direction signs 4. Destination signs 5. Runway distance remaining signs Sign Indicating 3, 000 feet of Runway Remaining 27

Airport Lighting

Importance of Lighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time. Lighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather. Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy snowfall 29

Runway Lighting Summary

Airport Beacon Function: to guide pilot flying to airport at night. 31

Thresholds Light • Appear green for a/c landing and red a/c take-off Runway Edge Lighting Runway Center line Light Runway Touch Down Zone Light • Give depth view of the runway 3. Approach Light • Warning light, which a/c should not land yet 2. Cross Bar Light • Indicate a/c wings status 1. Sequence Light To guide the pilot’s eyes toward the runway centerline Approach Lighting System (ALS) 32

Runway Lighting systems from the cockpit window Runway Edge Lighting: • White • Turn Yellow in last 610 m Runway Center line Light System : • White • Alternate white and red in last 610 m • Red in last 310 m Why the lighting colour change? The pilot thus knows about how much runway is left for used. 33

Taxiway Lighting Taxiway centre line: green Taxiway edge lights: blue

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Visual Approach Slope Indicators (VASI) Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) Function: To assist pilot with visual guidance during an aircraft landing by indicate the pilot’s angle of approach. Visible from 3 5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night. 36

Weather Information

Importance To prevent aircraft accidents. To avoid flight delay or cancellations. 39

Types of Bad Weather Poor visibility due to haze & smoke Wind shear : sudden change in the wind speed & direction Icing: Heavy Snow Thunderstorms 40

Airport Weather Stations Automated Sensor Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS) Every 20 minutes Observes temperature, wind speed & direction, visibility, cloud coverage. Can’t observe sudden weather change. Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) Every 1 hour Observe weather conditions change rapidly. Current weather, icing, lightning, , air pressure.

Wind Indicators 42

Wind Indicators Guiding pilot to determine the correct runway to use for landing and take off Wind Sock To Indicate wind direction & speed. The stronger the wind, the straighter the wind sock. Move back and forth when the wind is gusty (angin ribut) Wind Tee To Indicate wind direction only. To suggest the pilot the runway to be used

Navigational Aid Systems

Navigational Aid Systems Civilian Airports Doppler VHF Omni directional Range Station (VOR) Distance measuring equipment (DME) Instrument Landing System: Military Purpose Long Range Navigation (LORAN) Short Range Navigation (SHORAN) Tactical Air Navigation Systems (TACAN) – Glide slope/ Glide Path – Localizer – Marker Beacon 45

DVOR / DME VOR and DME are usually collocated, providing pilot with bearing and distance. DVOR: bearing of aircraft (in degrees) DME: distance from aircraft (in miles or km) Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR) Slant range= Distance, D, is the actual distance from the aircraft to the VOR

ILS Components Marker Beacons: how far the aircraft Needle indicates direction of runway. Centered Needle = Correct Alignment Glide Path: vertical guidance Localizer: horizontal guidance 47

ILS Operations 48

Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) Introduced in 1970 s to replace ILS, but discontinued in 1995. GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) To take advantage of the GPS system. Quick data transferring among LAAS, Aircraft and GPS satellites 49

GPS: Global Positioning System 24 satellites in each 6 orbits. Provide location and time info. Control by U. S military 50

GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) The GPS sensor unit (GPSSU) calculates aircraft position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and exact time. LAAS