Animal Welfare Findings from Global Reconnaissance of Municipal

Animal Welfare Findings from: Global Reconnaissance of Municipal Live Markets, Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems in Developing Countries World Bank Study (Japanese Trust Funded) Conducted in: EAP, SAR, AFR, LAC and MENA Study by Consultants: Nippon Koei Co Pro. And Associates Australia World Bank Study Manager: Sandra Cointreau

The World Bank Group: • IDA and IBRD lending to countries, IFC lending to companies, and IMF monetary support. • Over 10, 000 staff, over 100 regional offices. • Lending portfolio over 30 BB $/yr. • IFC animal welfare note. • Bank-wide environmental health safeguards guidelines include animal welfare. • While animal welfare is included for impact minimization and mitigation, animal welfare is yet not targeted for project investment.

CURRENT CONTEXT: • The world’s human population is densifying. As of this year, there are more people in cities than in rural areas. • Livestock populations are also densifying…into intensive industrialized facilities. • In developing countries, intensive livestock producers are locating near cities for the access to markets and infrastructure. • Municipalities are being increasingly burdened by the need to provide livestock processing infrastructure to meet the growing local demand for meat. • Most of developing country production is for local demand, and affordability limits the revenue base for livestock processing.

Growth in Human and Animal Populations, and available GNP income base: 2000 -> 2030 • High Income Countries ($34, 500/cap/yr) – People 1. 2 BB -> 1. 3 BB – Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Goats 4. 0 BB -> 5. 2 BB – Poultry 15. 0 BB -> 24. 8 BB • Low and Middle Income ($583 and $2, 833/cap/yr) – People 4. 9 BB -> 7. 1 BB – Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Goats 3. 0 BB -> 4. 2 BB – Poultry 11. 0 BB -> 19. 2 BB

STUDY OBJECTIVES: • Gather data on livestock markets, municipal slaughter facilities (abattoirs), meat processing, and related systems of waste management. • Examine the prevalence, handling, treatment, disposal, and recycling of wastes. • Identify and report on the problems and needs of the facilities. • Collect and examine available data on related biosecurity and food safety issues.

GENERAL FINDINGS (1): • Municipal slaughterhouses are commonly old and operating significantly over their intended capacity. • The private sector owns modern and sanitary facilities, but they operate only for high-end markets. • The unregulated informal slaughter sector is extensive. • Local incomes limit meat prices and this limits municipal cost recovery from slaughterers. • Regulatory framework and enforcement is poor. • Religious and cultural traditions have a significant impact on operations. • Meat from freshly killed livestock is preferred, requiring night and early morning slaughtering conditions.

GENERAL FINDINGS (2): • • • Unsanitary working conditions and limited clean hot water. No orderly conveyance. Dark and slippery working conditions. Surface materials porous and hard to clean. Animal welfare is poor. Child labor is extensive and exacerbates animal suffering. Occupational health and safety is poor. Municipal management and capacity is poor. Veterinary inspection is inadequate. Most fifth quarter is recycled extensively, commonly by informal sector recyclers. • Blood, stomach contents and excreta are discharged to waterways, or sent to municipal open dumps.

SUMMARY OF ANIMAL WELFARE FINDINGS: • All fundamental pillars of good animal welfare (the five freedoms) were widely abused. Freedom - Hunger and Thirst Freedom - Pain, Injury and Disease Freedom - Physical and Thermal Discomfort Freedom - Fear and Distress Freedom - Abnormal Behaviour • Absence of any official animal welfare control mechanism. • Lack of awareness of animal welfare standards or measures. • Lack of awareness of need to improve animal welfare.

STUDY OBSERVATIONS IN NEXT SLIDES: • Transportation • Live Markets • Slaughterhouses • Waste Disposal Sites

TRANSPORTATION (1): • Unsuitable vehicles. • Long journeys and poor road conditions. • Overcrowding. • Dehydration. • Poor driving skills.

TRANSPORTATION (2): Unloading: • Unloading facilities are often poor: - Injuries to both animals and humans. • Vehicular crowding.

TRANSPORTATION (3): Cramped conditions during transportation and little water or shade available, if any.

LIVESTOCK MARKETS (1): • Crowded, noisey, dirty. • Mixed species, mixed exposure to diseases. • Unsold animals return home, creating disease exposure linkages.

LIVESTOCK MARKETS (2): Goats trussed at a market without shade or water and amongst debris and garbage. Assisting a weak animal to its feet.

LIVESTOCK MARKETS (3): Sticks used extensively by herders to keep the animals under control, for cattle in particular, resulting in pain, stress, and bruising. Livestock trussed all day at market - poultry often carried upside down to and from market.

SLAUGHTERHOUSES (1): • Poor delivery conditions. • No sheltered place to wait or be refreshed with water or food. • No orderly conveyance to slaughter. • Animals toppled, beaten, and prodded. • Pregnant animals accepted for slaughter.

SLAUGHTERHOUSES (2): • Slippery surfaces. • Killing and other operations done on floor. • Dark operating conditions inside. • No separation of clean and dirty areas.

SLAUGHTERHOUSES (3): • Slaughter and processing areas overcrowded. • Noisy, stressful operations. • Children often present to assist.

SLAUGHTERHOUSES (4): Animals waiting amidst the slaughter operations. Some left overnight for next day slaughter.

SLAUGHTERHOUSES (4): Stunning generally not practiced (all species) – unsuitable techniques e. g. spinal section.

WASTE DISPOSAL: Discharge of wastes to open channels and municipal open dumps affects welfare of wildlife and domestic animals.

Recommendations: • • • Regulatory reform. Best practice guidelines. Stakeholder consultation and awareness. Slaughterer and veterinary capacity development. Investment in public live markets and slaughterhouses. • • Municipal management capacity development. Improve private sector investment climate. Interagency program of analytical work. Recognize that food safety, animal welfare, livestock disease control, and food security are public goods. • Develop inter-governmental economic instruments to support municipal improvement.

Ongoing at Bank: • Country projects to improve environmental sustainability at production facilities, improve live markets, improve slaughter waste discharges, control HPAI, and reduce livestock green house gas emissions. • Developing a guidance document on reconstruction and refurbishment of live markets and slaughterhouses. • Supporting the One World One Health concept. • Developing an alliance for humane and sustainable livestock production and processing among our agency and NGO partners. • Developing a partnership of private sector food retailers, associations and producers.

A New Humane Humanity for the New Age. To obtain information on these studies, or discuss partnering, contact: Sandra Cointreau, Waste Management Advisor, Urban Anchor of World Bank scointreau@worldbank. org mobile: 1 -860 -488 -5910 http: //worldbank. org/solidwaste