Английский язык специальности Практическое занятие 1 Преподаватель

Английский язык специальности Практическое занятие № 1 Преподаватель: к. п. н. Куревлева Ирина Петровна

Passive Voice THREE BASIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

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Present Indefinite Утвердительная форма I study… You study… He, She studies… We study… You study… They study… Вопросительная форма Do I study. . . ? Do you study. . . ? Does he, she study. . . ? Do we study… ? Do you study…? Do they study…? Отрицательная форма I do not study. . . You do not study. . . He, She does not study. . . We do not study… You do not study… They do not study…

Past Indefinite Утвердительная форма I studied, began… You studied, began… He, She studied, began… We studied, began… You studied, began… They studied, began… Вопросительная форма Did I study, begin. . . ? Did you study, begin. . . ? Did he, she study, begin. . . ? Did we study, begin … ? Did you study, begin …? Did they study, begin …? Отрицательная форма I did not study, begin. . . You did not study, begin. . . He, She did not study, begin. . . We did not study, begin … You did not study, begin … They did not study, begin …

Present Perfect Утвердительная форма I have studied… You have studied… He, She has studied… We have studied… You have studied… They have studied… Вопросительная форма Have I studied…? Have you studied…? Has he, she studied…? Have we studied … ? Have you studied…? Have they studied…? Отрицательная форма I have not studied. . . You have not studied. . . He, She has not studied. . . We have not studied … You have not studied … They have not studied …

Passive Voice

Страдательный залог Passive Voice В настоящем времени: to be+ глагол в 3 -ей форме am (I) are(мн. ч)=you is (ед. ч. ) e. g. The goods are bought by me

Страдательный залог Passive Voice В прошедшем времени: to was (ед. ч. ) be+ глагол в 3 -ей форме were(мн. ч)=you e. g. The goods were bought by me

Страдательный залог Passive Voice В будущем времени: will be+ глагол в 3 -ей форме e. g. The goods will be bought by me

The Basic Economic Problem Ø overall output полный выпуск продукции Ø cause-and-effect relationships причинно-следственные связи Ø production and consumption производство и потребление Ø factor of production факторы производства

The Basic Economic Problem Ø natural resources природные ресурсы Ø human resources человеческие ресурсы Ø capital and entrepreneurship капитал и предпринимательство Ø return or reward доход или вознаграждение

The Basic Economic Problem Ø wildlife and timber resources живая природа и ресурсы древесины Ø to allocate the factors of production размещать факторы производства Ø to postpone откладывать

The Basic Economic Problem The central problem of economics is to determine the most efficient ways to allocate the factors of production and solve the problem of scarcity created by society’s unlimited wants and limited resources. In doing so, every society must provide answers to the following three questions:

The Basic Economic Problem 1. What goods and services are to be produced, and in what quantities are they to be produced? 2. How are those goods and services to be produced ? 3. Who will receive and consume those goods and services?

The Basic Economic Problem The solution of these questions depends on the economic system of each society.

Практическое занятие 2

Reported Speech THE ROLE OF THE MARKET

Reported speech 1. Утвердительные предложения (that) e. g. He says: ” I like to sell goods’’ He says that he likes to sell goods. 2. Общий вопрос- прямой порядок слов, нет вспом. глагола, вводится if(ли). e. g. She asks: ”Does he rent the market? ” She asks if he rents the market. 3. Специальный вопрос -прямой порядок слов, нет вспомогательного глагола. e. g. He asks: “What is their purpose? ”

Ø Ø Ø Ø e. g. He asks What their purpose is. 4. Don’t – not to. e. g. He says: “Don’t buy these consumer goods. ” He says not to buy these consumer goods. ” 5. Просьбы и приказания – to. e. g. I say: ” Please, tell me his interest rate. ” I say to tell me his interest rate.

Reported speech Не всегда надо изменять время глагола, когда мы используем его в косвенной речи. Если вы сообщаете о какой-либо ситуации и полагаете, что она еще существует, менять время глагола нет необходимости. Direct: Mark said «Venice is more beautiful than Rome» . Reported: Mark said (that) Venice is/was more beautiful than Rome. (Mark still thinks so. ) Direct: Diana said «I want to be a film star» . Reported: Diana said (that) she wants/wanted to be a film star. (Diana still wants to be a film star. )

The Role of the Market Øability способность, умение Øadjustment регулирование, приспособление Øbe devote to посвящаться чему-либо Øcattle рогатый скот

The Role of the Market Ødecision решение; решимость Øfruit stall фруктовые ряды Ølunchtime обеденный перерыв Øluxury роскошь

The Role of the Market Ø profit выгода, польза; прибыль Ø reallocate перераспределять Ø reflect отражать, размышлять Ø remote control дистанционное управление

The Role of the Market Ø plenty изобилие, множество Ø rent сдавать в аренду Ø scarce supplies недостаточные поставки Ø scarcity of cattle нехватка

The Role of the Market Ø thereby тем самым Ø unskilled неквалифицированный, wholesale оптовая торговля

The Role of the Market We defined markets in a very general way as arrangements through which prices guide resource allocation. We now adopt a narrower definition. A market is a set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers are in contact to exchange goods or services.

Some markets (shops and fruit stalls) physically bring together the buyer and the seller. Other markets (The London Stock Exchange) operate chiefly through intermediaries (stockbrokers) who transact business on behalf of clients. In supermarkets, sellers choose the price, stock the shelves, and leave customers to choose whether or not to make a purchase. Antique auctions force buyers to bid against each other with the seller taking a passive role.

Although superficially different, these markets perform the same economic function. They determine prices that ensure that the quantity people wish to buy equals the quantity people wish to sell. Price and quantity cannot be considered separately. In establishing that the price of a Rolls Royce is ten times the price of a small Ford, the market for motor cars simultaneously ensures that production and sales of small Fords will greatly exceed the production and sales of Rolls Royces.

These prices guide society in choosing what, how, and for whom to purchase. To understand this process more fully, we require a model of a typical market. The essential features on which such a model must concentrate are demand, the behaviour of buyers, and supply, the behaviour of sellers. It will then be possible to study the interaction of these forces to see how a market works in practice.

Marketing Ø producer производитель Ø consumer потребитель Ø user потребитель Ø distribution сбыт, распределение

Ø marketing Marketing продажа, сбыт, маркетинг Ø transporting транспортировка Ø storing хранение

Ø product Marketing planning разработка новых продуктов Ø pricing калькуляция цен Ø promotion содействие в продаже Ø traffic торговля

Marketing Ø marketing research изучение рынка Ø trend тенденция, общее направление Ø to predict предсказывать Ø to influence влиять

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer's dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centres has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.

Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer's dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centres has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise and plenty of parking facilities.

Questions 1. What does marketing mean? 2. What activities does marketing consist of? 3. What do marketing operations include? 4. Why is so important for the producer to predict the trends? 5. How was mass consumption possible in the USA?

Choose the necessary word 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. to predict to influence to promote marketing trends distribution market research product planning consumer

Marketing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. One of the aims of market research is to indicate new … among people. Advertising must … the consumer and make him buy the goods produced. Often marketing is called …. In order to sell a new product, a producer has to consider how to … it. The goods of this company are not sold very well, they must think about ….

Marketing 6. 7. 8. 9. Sometimes it is difficult to influence … through advertising. If you want to produce something new, you should start with …. A producer wants to … the new trends and tries to influence them. … includes product development and pricing among other things

Английский язык специальности ЭВ 07 Практическое занятие № 3 Студентка гр. ЭВ 07 Журавлева О. С.

Sequences of Tenses Money and Its Functions

Sequences of Tenses Если главное предложение стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то в придаточном будет то время, которое требуется по смыслу: He says: “She buys goods every month’’. He says that she buys goods every month. They will say: “He is a good manager. ” They will say that he is a good manager.

Ø Ели главное предложение стоит в прошедшем времени, то соблюдается правило согласования времен, которое заключается в следующем: Ø PRESENT-----PAST ( V 2 или+ed ) Ø PAST----PAST PERFECT (had +V 3) Ø FUTURE----FUTURE in the PAST (would+V 1)

They said that Ø “ The manager worked in the office. ”(работает) “ The manager had worked in the office”(работал) “The manager would work in the office”

Money and Its Functions Ø acceptance принятие, одобрение Ø barter economy бартерная экономика Ø benefit милость; выгода Ø coincidence совпадение

Money and Its Functions Ø consume потреблять Ø crucial решающий, критический Ø debt долг Ø directly прямо, тотчас

Money and Its Functions Ø efficient дельный, умелый, эффективный Ø effort усилие, напряжение Ø hand over передавать (другому) Ø imagine воображать, представлять себе

Money and Its Functions Ø means of payment средства платежа Ø medium of exchange эквивалент, средство Ø mutually взаимно, обоюдно Ø satisfactory удовлетворительный обмена

Money and Its Functions Ø serve служить, обслуживать Ø simple простой, несложный Ø Simultaneously одновременно Ø standard стандарт, норма

Money and Its Functions Ø store запасы, припасы, резерв Ø subsequently впоследствии, потом Ø swap = swop обмен; менять, обменивать Ø wasteful расточительный

Money and Its Functions Ø worker рабочий Ø citizen гражданин, горожанин Ø convenient удобный Ø erode разъедать, разрушать

Money and Its Functions Ø invariably постоянно Ø loan заем Ø rapid быстрый, скорый Ø shopkeeper лавочник

Money and Its Functions Ø worthless ничего не стоящий, дрянной Ø agree договариваться, согласовывать Ø collectively коллективно Ø consumption потребление, расход

Money and Its Functions Ø enforce принуждать, настаивать Ø crisis кризис Ø bring about smth. вызывать что-либо Ø unemployment безработица

Money and Its Functions Ø reach smth. достигать чего-либо Ø share доля Ø industrial output выпуск промышленной продукции Ø decrease (smth. ) уменьшаться, уменьшать (что-либо)

Money and Its Functions Ø skilled labour квалифицированный труд Ø precision instruments точные инструменты Ø chemicals изделия хим. промышленности Ø consumer goods товары широкого потребления

Money and Its Functions Ø wool шерсть Ø woolen шерстяной Ø leather кожа (выделанная) Ø factory фабрика, завод

Money and Its Functions Ø steel сталь Ø disperse smth. рассредоточивать что-либо Ø make progress делать успехи Ø aircraft industry авиационная промышленность

Money and Its Functions Ø atomic power атомная энергия Ø make emphasis on smth. делать упор на что-либо, придавать особое значение чему-либо Ø war industry военная промышленность

Money and Its Functions Money is used in one-half of almost all exchange. Workers exchange labour services for money. People buy or sell goods in exchange for money. We accept money to buy things we do wish to consume. Money is the medium through which people exchange goods and services. To see that society benefits from a medium of exchange, imagine a barter economy.

Money and Its Functions A barter economy has no medium of exchange. Goods are traded directly or swapped for other goods. In a barter economy, the seller and the buyer each must want something the other has to offer. Each person is a seller and a buyer. In order to see a film, you must hand over in exchange a good or service that the cinema manager wants. There has to be a double coincidence of wants. You have to find a cinema where the manager wants what you have to offer in exchange.

Money and Its Functions People must spend a lot of time and effort finding others with whom they can make mutually satisfactory swaps. Since time and effort are scarce resources, a barter economy is wasteful. The use of money — any commodity generally accepted in payment for goods, services, and debts — makes the trading process simpler and more efficient. The unit of account is the unit in which prices are quoted and accounts are kept.

Money and Its Functions Money is a store of value because it can be used to make purchases in the future. To be accepted in exchange, money has to be a store of value. Nobody would accept money as payment for goods supplied today if the money was going to be worthless when they tried to buy goods with it tomorrow. But money is neither the only nor necessarily the best store of value. Houses, stamp collection, and interestbearing bank accounts all serve as stores of value.

Money and Its Functions Since money pays no interest and its real purchasing power is eroded by inflation, there almost certainly better ways to store value. Finally, money serves as a standard of deferred payment or a unit of account over time. When you borrow, the amount to be repaid next year is measured in pounds sterling. Although convenient, this is not an essential function of money. UK citizens can get bank loans specifying in dollars the amount that must be repaid next year.

Money and Its Functions The key feature of money is used as a medium of exchange. It must act as a store of value as well. And it is usually convenient to make money the unit of account and standard of deferred payment as well. In prisoner-of-war camps, cigarettes served as money. In the nineteenth century money was mainly gold and silver coins. These are examples of commodity money, ordinary goods with industrial uses (gold) and consumption uses (cigarettes) which also serve as a medium of exchange.

Money and Its Functions To use a commodity money, society must either cut back on other uses of that commodity or devote scarce resources to producing additional guaranties of the commodity. But there are less expensive ways for society to produce money. A token money is a means of payment whose value or purchasing power as money greatly exceeds its cost of production or value in uses other than as money.

Английский язык специальности ЭВ 07 Практическое занятие № 4 Студентка гр. ЭВ 07 Журавлева О. С.

Non Forms of the Verb Methods of Payment

Infinitive Verb + -ing stop enjoy fancy admit consider miss finish mind imagine deny involve postpone delay suggest regret avoid practice risk Если эти глаголы следуют за другими, то это обычно оформляется в конструкцию глагол + -ing: Stop talking!

Participle 1, 2 Ø Причастие 1 – к глаголу прибавляется ing (ащ, ящ, ущ, ющ) to sell – selling ( продавать-продающий Причастие 2 – к правильному глаголу + ed; неправильный глагол – 3 форма ( нный, тый, вшийся ) to sell – sold (проданный ) to visit – visited ( посетивший)

GERUND Ø Ø Ø Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, которая имеет свойства как глагола, так и существительного. Герундий образуется прибавлением ing к основе глагола. e. g. to go out – going out ( выходить, выход )

Methods of Payment Ø additional дополнительный Ø advisory консультационный Ø to authorize разрешать Ø balance баланс, остаток на счету

Methods of Payment Ø bank multifunction card банковская многофункц. карточка Ø brand name торговая марка Ø card holder держатель карты Ø charge оплата в кредит

Methods of Payment Ø to charge начислять Ø charge card расчетная карточка Ø charge sales продажа в кредит Ø commodity продукт

Methods of Payment Ø to concern касаться (чего-либо) Ø to be concerned иметь отношение к Ø costly дорогой, дорогостоящий Ø credit card кредитная карточка Ø debt долг, задолженность

Methods of Payment Ø decade десятилетие Ø discretion свобода действий Ø to display показывать, изображать Ø Electronic Funds Transfer System система электр. денежн. переводов

Methods of Payment Ø to estimate оценивать Ø to excel отличаться Ø fee взнос, сбор, пошлина Ø to force вынуждать, заставлять

Methods of Payment Ø to honour признавать, принимать к оплате Ø to increase усиливать, увеличивать Ø to insert вставлять, вкладывать Ø to install устанавливать

Methods of Payment Ø interest rate, interest процентная ставка, процент Ø invoice счет-фактура, счет к оплате Ø to lose (lost, lost) терять Ø medical record медицинская карта

Methods of Payment Ø method of payment средство платежа Ø microchip микрочип Ø novelty новшество Ø to obtain получать, приобретать

Methods of Payment Ø packaged комплексный Ø payee получатель денег, платежа Ø payer плательщик Ø personal cheque персональный чек Ø PIN-code личный код

Methods of Payment Ø to pioneer впервые вводить Ø to reduce сокращать, уменьшать Ø specific особый, определенный, конкретный Ø statement ведомость, выписка счета

Methods of Payment Ø to steal (stole, stolen) воровать, красть Ø to sum up суммировать, обобщать Ø transaction финансовая операция, сделка Ø to transfer переводить, перечислять (деньги)

Methods of Payment Ø Personal Identification Number (PIN) личный идентиф. номер Ø traveller's cheque дорожный чек Ø to type печатать, набирать (код, номер)

Methods of Payment Ø valid to действительный Ø to validate подтвердить, сделать действительным Ø to withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn) снимать (со счета)

Methods of Payment All methods of payment: cash, personal cheques, traveller's cheques, credit cards, charge cards, multifunction bank cards, Electronic Funds Transfer System. Multifunction smart cards will be used as telephone cards, medical records, tickets, passports, for shopping and banking at the same time. All sales outlets have signs of cards they honour.

Methods of Payment Ø Credit cards: Visa, Master Card, Access.

Methods of Payment Ø Charge cards: American Express Diners Club. Gift Card

Methods of Payment Ø Multifunction bank cards: Switch, Connect, Delta, Smartcards.

Methods of Payment Plastic money was introduced in the USA. With credit cards at the end of each month you don't have to pay your bills in full, but in this case you will have to pay an interest rate on your debt. With charge cards you have to pay in full but you don't have to pay any interest rate.

Methods of Payment A credit card or a charge card is a packaged commodity. It offers insurances, travel services, advisory services, benefits for additional card holders. The newest is the Electronic Funds Transfer System. Payment there takes place when you insert your credit or bank card in a terminal connected with a bank computer and type your PIN-code which validates the transfer. PIN is Personal Identification Number.

Methods of Payment Smart cards is contained in a microchip, while in other cards it is contained in a magnetic stripe. A bank multi functioncard is a card issued by the bank which authorizes the customer to withdraw cash, to pay. It can be used for different functions and there is no limit on each payment. The money will be just transferred from your bank account to the account of the payee.

Cash Ø cash наличные Ø commonplace обычный, часто используемый Ø method of payment средство платежа Ø customers клиенты

Cash Ø to pay in cash платить наличными Ø cashing facilities средства oбналичивания Ø amount сумма Ø note Ø сoin банкнота монета

Cash Ø exchange rate обменный курс (валюты) Ø bureau Ø de change обменный пункт buying rate курс покупки Ø selling rate курс продажи

Cash is a commonplace and simple method of payment. It's easy to use customers don't need any special knowledge to pay in cash. It's ready for use any place any time - customers don't need any cashing facilities. When you say that you will pay in cash, it means that you have the necessary amount of money in notes and coins. National currency of the country will be expected.

Cash According to the law you change your money for the local currency when you travel overseas. The exchange rate will be displayed at the bank or bureau de change. The exchange rate is the value of the money of one country compared to that of another. A buying rate and a selling rate will be shown. A commission will be taken by the bank or the bureau de change for the transaction.

Traveller's Cheques Ø traveller's cheque дорожный чек Ø draft переводный вексель, тратта Ø purchaser покупатель Ø expiry истечение срока

Traveller's Cheques Ø valid Ø buyer Ø forgery Ø to действительный покупатель подлог, подделка countersign ставить контрольную подпись Ø signature подпись

Traveller's Cheques Ø to accepting Ø to stole Ø to bear принимать красть иметь, нести на себе Ø countersignature контрольная подпись Ø to preserve представлять

Traveller's Cheques A traveller's cheque is a bank draft for personal use of the purchaser. It is signed by the purchaser at the time of purchase from the national bank. A 1 per cent commission will be charged by the bank on sales of traveller's cheques. Traveller's cheques are cheques which you can change foreign local cash money at an overseas bank when you travel abroad. A commission of 1 or 2 per cent will be charged on traveller's cheques by the bank for the transaction.

Traveller's Cheques They don't have any expiry date. They are valid for an unlimited period of time. With traveller's cheques you don't have to carry large amounts of cash. Traveller's cheques are very safe to carry. When the buyer signs them at the moment of buying, it means they will be protected from forgery, because he will have to countersign them in front of the staff member who will compare the two signatures before accepting them. If they are lost or stolen, they will not be used by another person as long as they bear the signature of the buyer but no countersignature.

Traveller's Cheques When traveller's cheques are cashed, the customer will be asked to produce his or her passport for identification. Besides, all traveller's cheques are numbered and a special record or sales advice will be given to the buyer with all the traveller's cheques numbers. The buyer will be recommended not to keep the cheques and the sales advice together in one place and not to countersign them in advance. In case the cheques are lost, their numbers and amounts will be preserved. They will be refunded or replaced by the issuing company.

Credit Cards and Charge Cards Both credit and charge cards are used to pay for goods and services and can be cashed in local currency. Cash can be received with over-the-counter transactions or in cash dispensers. The card bears the name of the issuing company, its number which is the account number, the date «Valid from» , the expiry date, and the name of the card holder.