Anatomy Physiology Disease An Interactive Journey for

Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Chapter 2 The Human Body: Reading the Map Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 47 Slide 48 Slide 73 Slide 75 Slide 76 Fowler's Positioning Video Lateral Positioning Video Prone Positioning Video Lithotomy Positioning Video Sims Positioning Video Supine Positioning Video Dorsal Positioning Video Body Cavity Terminology Exercise Body Area Terminology Exercise Magnetic Resonance Imaging Video Ultrasound Video Radiologic Technology Video Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory (cont’d) Slide 77 Surgical Team Video Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Introduction • This chapter provides you with the major • external map of the human body Future chapters get into more depth for each particular area and begin to provide a detailed map of interior regions Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Introduction (cont’d) • Medical directional terms and body • locations will serve as a foundation upon which to build By the time you finish your journey through this book you will know your own body like “the back of your hand” Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives • • List and describe the various body positions Define the body planes and associated directional terms Locate and describe the body cavities and their respective organs List and describe the anatomical divisions of the abdominal region Identify and locate the various body regions Relate the various diagnostic tests to view the body Describe situations in which body position can help or hinder the disease process Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pronunciation Guide Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation. Abdominopelvic cavity Antecubital Buccal Caudal Cephalic Coronal Plane Cranial Crural Distal Dorsal (ab dom ih noh PELL vik KAV ih tee) (an tee CUE bi tal) (BUCK al) (KAWD al) (seh FAL ik) (kor ROHN al) (KRAY nee al) (CRUR al) (DISS tal) (DOR sal) Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation. Gluteal Mediastinum Midsagittal Plane Pleural Cavities Superficial Thoracic Cavity Transverse (GLOO tee al) (me dee ah STY num) (mid SAJ ih tal) (PLOO ral) (SOO per FISH al) (tho RASS ik KAV ih tee) (trans VERS) Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Map of the Human Body • Directional terms, like north, south, east, or • • west, needed for reading a map Maps representing a specific region have more detail, making it easier to explore Likewise, the human body needs its own specific directional terms Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Map of the Human Body (cont’d) • Likewise, scientists have created • standardized body directional terms, splitting the body into distinct regions, sections, and cavities to more clearly and rapidly locate and discuss anatomical features Anatomical landmarks serve as needed points of reference Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Importance of Mapping • Does the statement “I have pain in my • • stomach” tell you a lot about exact location? Location of pain can be determining factor in diagnosis Questions about type of pain, exact location, and intensity of pain can help determine etiology Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Positions • The body can assume many positions and • • therefore can have different orientations To standardize orientation for the study of anatomy, scientists developed the anatomical position In the anatomical position, the person is standing erect, face forward, with feet parallel, arms hanging at sides, and palms facing forward Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -1 The anatomical position. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Other Important Body Positions • Supine position: laying face upward, on • • your back Prone position: laying face downward, on your stomach Fowler’s position: sitting in bed with head of bed elevated 45– 60 degrees – This position often used in hospitals – Facilitates breathing and comfort of bedridden patient Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -2 Common patient positions. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Fowler's Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of Fowler’s positioning. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Lateral Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of lateral positioning. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Prone Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of prone positioning. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Lithotomy Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of lithotomy positioning. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Sims Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of Sims Positioning. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Supine Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of supine positioning. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Dorsal Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of dorsal positioning. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pathology Connection • Body positions relevant to certain clinical • • scenarios Patients with secretions at the base of the lungs may benefit from Trendelenburg position (which helps drain secretions) Patients with cerebral injury or bleeding should avoid Trendelenburg position (because it increases blood flow to brain, increasing intracranial pressure) Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pathology Connection (cont’d) • Patients to be placed in Trendelenburg • position are at increased risk for aspirating vomitus, and should not eat within 2 -4 hours of being placed in position Patients with orthopnea have difficult time breathing if they lie flat; propping them up with pillows assists diaphragm in working against gravity Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pathology Connection (cont’d) • Changing from upright to supine position can help determine cause of distended neck veins (jugular venous distention) – If patient has distend neck veins due to heart failure, lying down will decrease distention (heart has to work less hard against gravity, causing less “back up” of venous blood) Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pathology Connection (cont’d) • Dizziness when changing from seated to standing position can indicate orthostatic hypotension – Symptoms develop because heart cannot compensate for extra work against gravity standing requires; result is deficient blood flow to brain Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Planes and Directional Terms • Sometimes it is necessary to divide body, • • or even organ or tissue sample, into specific sections to further examine it A plane is an imaginary line drawn through body or organ to separate into specific sections Transverse or horizontal plane: divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections, also referred to as cross -sectioning the body Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Directional Terms • Used to describe areas divided by • • transverse plane Superior (cranial or cephalic) means toward head or upper body Inferior (caudal) means away from head or toward lower part of body – Any body part can be either superior or inferior, depending upon point of reference – Example: knee is superior to ankle and inferior to pelvis Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -3 Transverse plane and a cross-sectional view of the upper abdominal region. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Median or Midsagittal Plane • Divides body into right and left halves – Medial refers to body parts located near middle or midline of body – Lateral refers to body parts located away from midline Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -4 Midsagittal or median plane along with a sagittal view of the head. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Frontal or Coronal Plane • Divides body into front and back sections • Anterior or ventral refers to body parts • towards or on front of body Posterior or dorsal refers to body parts towards or on back of body Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -5 Frontal or coronal plane along with a coronal view of the chest and stomach. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Proximal and Distal • Proximal refers to body parts close to point • of reference of body Distal refers to body parts away from point of reference – Using your fingers as reference point, your wrist would be proximal and your shoulder would be distal Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -6 Body location terms. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

External and Internal • External means on the outside – Skin is located externally and is body’s largest organ • Internal means on the inside – Most organs located internally Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Additional Directional Terms • Superficial means toward or at body • • • surface Deep means away from body surface Central refers to locations around center of body Peripheral refers to extremities or outer region Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Table 2 -1 Directional Terms Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Cavities • Body has two large open spaces called • cavities that house and protect organs Dorsal (posterior) cavity located on back of body Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Cavities (cont’d) • Larger ventral (anterior) cavity located on front of body is divided into two smaller cavities – Thoracic cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity: further divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities • These two smaller cavities are divided by diaphragm Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Thoracic Cavity • Contains – Heart – Lungs – Large blood vessels Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Abdominal Cavity • Contains digestive organs – Stomach – Intestines – Liver – Gallbladder – Pancreas – Spleen Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Pelvic Cavity • Lower portion of abdominopelvic cavity contains – Urinary organs – Reproductive organs – Large part of large intestine Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Dorsal Cavity • Located in back of body and consists of two cavities – Cranial cavity houses brain – Spinal cavity contains spinal column Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -8 Main body cavities. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Smaller Cavities • There are many smaller cavities that designate specific areas – Nasal cavity: space behind nose – Buccal cavity: space within mouth – Orbital cavity: houses eyes Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Cavity Terminology Exercise Click here to view an interactive exercise on body cavity terminology. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Body Area Terminology Exercise Click here to view an interactive exercise on body area terminology. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Abdominal Regions • Houses a number of organs; is divided into • nine quadrants Epigastric region (epi = above, gastric = stomach) located superior to umbilical region with right and left hypochondriac regions located on either side Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Abdominal Regions (cont’d) • Umbilical region located in center, with • right and left lumbar regions located laterally Hypogastric region lies inferior to umbilical area, with right and left iliac or inguinal area flanking it Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -9 The nine divisions of the abdominal region. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -10 Illustrations of inguinal and umbilical hernias. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Abdominal Quadrants • Simpler way to compartmentalize • abdominal region is to separate into anatomical quadrants Helpful in describing location of abdominal pain Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -12 The clinical division of the abdominal region into quadrants with related organs and structures. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Abdominal Quadrants (cont’d) • Knowing organs located in quadrant where pain is arising can give a clue as to what type of problem the patient has – Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain: appendicitis – Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain: liver or gallbladder problems Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -11 The spinal column. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Additional Body Regions • Help to further aid in locating areas or • structures Examples include: – Axillary region – Brachial region – Femoral region – Pubic region – Patellar region Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -13 Anterior and posterior body regions. Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Table 2 -2 Examples of Body Regions and Their Locations Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Table 2 -2 (continued) Examples of Body Regions and Their Locations Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram) • Produced by passing X-ray radiation through specific area of body onto photographic film – Exposure to X-rays causes photographic film to darken – Radiolucent areas of body allow X-rays to pass through to film easily; produce dark areas on film – Radiopaque areas of body allow fewer X-rays to pass through to film; produce light areas on the film Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram) (cont’d) • Each component of body has characteristic density (and characteristic appearance on X-ray) – Air: least dense; shows up black on X-ray – Tissue/Fat: density depends on thickness of tissue; thicker the tissue, lighter the appearance on X-ray Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram) (cont’d) • Each component of body has characteristic density (and characteristic appearance on X-ray) – Water (blood and edema): mid-range density; appearance on X-ray is lighter than air, but not as white as bone/metal – Bone/Metal: highest density; appears white on X-ray Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Standard X-Ray Positions • Posteroanterior (PA) – X-ray beam passes from patient’s back to patient’s front and then onto film – Standard view for chest X-ray • Anteroposterior (AP) – X-ray beam passes from patient’s front to patient’s back and then onto film – Often used in portable chest X-rays Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Standard X-Ray Positions (cont’d) • Lateral – X-ray beam passes from one side of patient to other, and then onto film – Often used as compliment to PA views, to get better 3 -D perspective Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT Scan) • Produces series of cross-sectional “slices” • • through body Generates high-resolution images with more information about 3 -D orientation of structures Exposes body to much higher levels of radiation than traditional X-ray Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Uses magnetic energy to image body • Produces cross-sectional images • Images have much better clarity than CT Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (cont’d) • Cannot be used by all patients – Patients with certain metallic components in body (like metallic aneurysm clips or heart valves) cannot be exposed to magnetic field of MRI; would make metal components shift in body – Patients who are claustrophobic may not be able to tolerate entering small tunnel of traditional (closed) MRI; open MRIs are alternative for these patients Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -14 a Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. a) MRI head showing large hemorrhagic lesion. (Courtesy of Teresa Resch). Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -14 b Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. b) 3 D CT scan, multiple facial fractures. (Courtesy of Teresa Resch). Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -14 c Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. c) X-ray showing typical joint changes associated with osteoarthritis. (Source: Getty Images/Stone Allstock). Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Figure 2 -14 d Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. d) Ultrasound, left kidney, and spleen. (Courtesy of Teresa Resch). Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Video Click here to view a video on the topic of magnetic resonance imaging. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ultrasound (Sonography) • Uses sound waves to image body • Allow body actions to be imaged in real • time Uses include: – Observing fetal development and movement – Observing actions of heart valves Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ultrasound Video Click here to view a video on the topic of ultrasound. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Radiologic Technology Video Click here to view a video on the topic of radiologic technology. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Surgical Team Video Click here to view a video on the topic of the surgical team. Back to Directory Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Snapshots from the Journey • Body can assume many different positions; • • • to standardize, we use anatomical position facing forward with arms at side and palms facing forward Other positions include prone, supine, Trendelenburg, and Fowler’s position Body can be divided into planes, including transverse and median plane Directional terms help navigate around body Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d) • Directions like right and left referenced • • from patient’s perspective Body has several cavities that house anatomical structures, mainly organs There are many different regions of body Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d) • Directional terms, anatomical landmarks, • body regions, and body cavities are all important to know so health care professionals can communicate in specific terms that leave no room for confusion Detailed images of internal structures of body can be obtained from radiologic studies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasound Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Case Study • A 50 -year-old female patient presents with sternal pain radiating to the left brachial area. Peripheral cyanosis is noted in the digital areas, and she exhibits pedal edema. No epigastric pain is noted Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Case Study (cont’d) • She reports that she became dizzy and fell, bruising the right orbital region, and she received superficial cuts to the right patellar region. The physician orders an IV to be started in the left antecubital space. Please answer the following questions in common lay terms Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Case Study Questions • Where would you suggest placing a • • • bandage? Where did her pain begin? Where does the pain move to? Does she have stomach pain? Where will the IV be started? What part of her body is swollen? Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Ray’s Story • Ray’s quadriplegia will require extensive radiologic studies throughout the rest of his life Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Case Study Questions Ray’s Story • Since this was initially a neck injury, on what specific portion of the spinal column would you focus your studies? Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Case Study Questions Ray’s Story (cont’d) • Due to being bedridden and inactive, Ray will be breathing in a monotonous shallow manner even with the assistance of a mechanical ventilator and therefore not fully exercising his respiratory system. This can lead to lung collapse and pneumonia. In which body cavity would you focus your study? Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Case Study Questions Ray’s Story (cont’d) • Ray will be more prone to accidental falls while being assisted in daily activities of living. What could happen that would require radiologic studies? Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease: An Interactive Journey for Health Professionals Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Copyright © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.