An Overview of HS E Issues for CCS Tim

An Overview of HS&E Issues for CCS Tim Hill Vice-chair CCSA Group Head Environmental Modelling Power Technology E. ON UK

Content • Overview CCSA • Context: CCS in the UK • What are the issues for HS&E? • Existing experience • Areas for development

Officers of the CCSA • President: Lord Ron Oxburgh • Chairman: Gardiner Hill, BP • Vice Chairs: Tim Hill, E. ON – UK Peter Whitton, Progressive Energy • CEO: Jeff Chapman • Co. Secretary: David Green OBE • Head of Marketing: Emma Penney

Founder Members • • • Air Products Alstom Power AMEC BP Conoco. Phillips E-ON • • Mitsui Babcock Progressive Energy Schlumberger Scottish & Southern Energy • Shell

New Members • • • BG Group BGS BOC Chevron Climate Change Capital Coal Authority Denton Wilde Sapte DNV Drax Power ERM Herbert Smith • • • Independent Resources Linklaters Nexen Exploration Norton Rose PWC Renew Tees Valley Rio Tinto RWE Scottish Ctre for Carbon Storage Statoil Watson Farley & Williams

What is the CCSA? It is: A Business Association formed in the UK to represent the interests of its members in the development of business in geo-CCS wherever opportunities may exist. It is not: A technical forum, a professional institute or an environmental or climate campaign group.

Work Streams • Public Perception • Regulatory • Incentives • Project & Technical

Summary of activities • Recognise CCS in EU ETS • Establish M&V protocol • Establish licensing procedures • Ensure capacity in New Entrant Reserve • Meanwhile establish CDM position & methodology • Bridging incentives for early projects • Health, Safety & Environment

CO 2 Capture, Transportation and Storage CAPTURE Power Plant H 2 plant HC streams Chemical Industry I&S, cement Transportation Pipeline Ship Lorry Well Injection Storage Offshore Onshore HC reservoirs Saline Aquifers

CO 2 Capture, Transportation and Storage CAPTURE Physical Chemical Impurities 1 -50 bar Chemicals Transportation Well Injection Storage CO 2 100 bar in pipe SC phase Rail/Road/Ship CO 2 liquid Some impurities 100 bar Injection Offshore Onshore

Proposed UK Projects • Pre-combustion capture from gas in a 450 MWe project at Peterhead by SSE/BP and others • Pre-combustion capture from coal in an 800 MWe IGCC by Progressive Energy at Teesside • 450 MWe precombustion capture project by E. ON at Killingholme, Humberside. • Post-combustion or oxyfuel capture from coal by RWE in a 1000 Mwe project at Tilbury • A 500 MWe supercritical capture ready retrofit by Scottish & Southern Energy at Ferrybridge

CO 2 v Nat Gas in NTS • • NG pressure up to 86 bar, CO 2 70 -140 bar Density CO 2 ~ 700 kg/m 3 In 2004 - 81 Mt NG transported, 334 k t/day 8600 km NTS pipework 500 MW power plant – 1 -2 CO 2 Mt pa 50 – 500 km pipelines ( few to 200 km onshore ) Current NTS transports a mass ~ roughly same as that could be captured from all power plant

What’s new about CCS? • Big volumes CO 2 produced on land transported long distances • Integrating chemical & power plant • Large volumes of some chemicals • Handling high pressure supercritical CO 2 • Permanent storage of large volumes of CO 2 • Requires a new infrastructure

What experience is there already? • Capture of CO 2 from flue gas / nat gas • Large scale CO 2 pipeline transportation – US 3000 km • Injection CO 2 > 1 Mt pa , Sleipner, In Salah, US > 40 Mt pa • CO 2 in nat gas, considerable operating experience - well control, blowouts, corrosion issues • Handling of amines and other capture chemicals

Standards • UK – no standards specific to CO 2 pipes – standards for other gases applied • Standards exist for sub-critical tank storage CO 2 • US – DOT code Pt 195 Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline: -Specifically covers safety standards, reporting, - high pressure CO 2, includes specs for pipeline material, laying, valves, venting, handling and pumping etc.

Health & Environment I • CO 2 health effects well understood • Chemicals covered by COSHH regs • Dispersion of CO 2 from high pressure pipelines or tanks less information for risk analysis -Solid and gas phases on decompression - high energy release - Cold dense gas • Materials failure due to CO 2 corrosion

Health & Environment II • Safety of controlled releases e. g pipeline purge • Impurities with CO 2 e. g. H 2 S • CO 2 migration to potable ground water -Deep injection into saline aquifers ( onshore ) -Risks low of upwards migration • Onshore geo-injection legislation not specific to CO 2 • Leakage risk assessment methodology

Incident Stats in US 1986 - 2001 Pipeline Nat Gas Haz. Liquids CO 2 (1990 -2001) Incidents no. 1287 3035 10 Fatalities 58 36 0 Injuries 217 249 0 Incidents 0. 17 per 1000 km pipeline, per year 0. 82 0. 32 U. S DOT Statistics

R&D • EU Framework 6&7 programmes - HSE issues covered in many projects -Zero Emissions Technology Platform –HSE issues identified for FP 7 • CCP oil company led consortium • CCSA members R&D programmes • US EPRI, Do. E • IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D programme • UK Research Councils

Gaps Summary • Regulatory & legal framework • Safety standards for pipelines, facilities • H&S of sc CO 2 releases • Environmental effects – CO 2 geological migration • Risk assessment methodology for leakage from storage site

Way Forward • Regulators work with Industry • Look for, learn from or use existing best practice • Adapt to the UK situation • Build on existing UK practices and guidance • Learn by doing - ‘first of a kind’ projects give a focus for HS&E work

Dr Jeff Chapman Chief Executive The Carbon Capture & Storage Association Suites 142 -152 Grosvenor Gardens House 35/37 Grosvenor Gardens London, SW 1 W 0 BS United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7821 0528 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7828 0310 Mob: +44 (0) 7747 761 065 Email: jeff. chapman@ccsassociation. org www. ccsassociation. org