An Introduction to Aquaculture by Gregor Reid Woodland Christian High School February 10, 2004
What is Aquaculture?
Aquaculture is … the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. • Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. • Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated
A Brief History of Aquaculture
• Aquaculture began with rice paddy carp culture in China over 2000 years ago ! • This rice paddy shows a typical trench construction to facilitate fish culture
Today!
About Fish
About Fish • • • 20, 000 species plus! Huge variation between species Cold blooded vertebrates Gills and scales External fertilization Chemo, acoustical, electrical perception
Comparison to other Animal Production
Similarities • Agribusiness • Can be feed trained • Manure composition • Similar photoperiods
Differences • • • “ 3 D environment” Require 24 monitoring (intensive aquaculture) Excellent feed conversion Artificial spawning & early rearing “Fish live in their own toilet” Cold blooded Wide range of temperatures Newly domesticated Must compete with wild catch
World and Regional Production
World Aquaculture Production (1999) • Total world fish supply 125 million (mt) • Wild catch fisheries, approximately 92 million (mt). • Food fish production of about 30 million (mt) • China accounts for production of about 10 million (mt) • Canada produces approximately 0. 37 million (mt)
Aquaculture Production In Ontario (2000) • Major species produced – rainbow trout • Minor species produced – tilapia, Arctic charr, brook trout, small and largemouth bass, cyprinid baitfish • Total trout production – 4000 tonnes • Farm-gate value - $16. 5 million • Economic Contribution - $60 – 65 million • Job creation – 230 person-years direct and 250 person – years indirect employment
Water Aquaculture is not a net user of water !
Surface Water • Supplies diverted from natural water courses such as ponds, streams or lakes. • Abundant supply • High summer and low winter temperatures (pro/con) • Can be most easily effected by other users
Ground Water • Supplies diverted from springs, artesian, or pumped wells • Relatively uniform water quality. Usually free of pollutants and pathogens • Ground water temperatures in Ontario well below requirement for optimal growth rate
Rearing Systems
PONDS Photo by Richard Moccia
AARS OC Tanks Circular Tanks
Raceways Photo by Richard Moccia
Long Tanks
Research Tanks
CAGE or PEN farm on a lake Photo by Steve Naylor
Lets Visit a Cage Rainbow Trout Farm in Ontario
Map 1
Map 2
Map 3
North Wind Fisheries Rainbow Trout Producers
Nutrition and Feeding
Nutrition and Feeding • It’s almost everything! • The largest fixed cost for Salmonid aquaculture • Determines the extent of nutrient pollution • Feed efficiency and feeding effectiveness will make or break a farm
Nutrition • Salmonids are piscivores. They eat other fish. • Require diets of 30 -35% high quality protein. • Typically about %60 of this protein is fish meal • We artificially pigment cultured salmonids
Feed pellets are sized to match the fish
Feeding • • • Hand feeding Vibrating feeders Belt feeders Demand Feeders Pneumatic Live feeding
Hand Feeding Photo
4 Photos of Automated Feeders
Viewing Feeding Behavior
Reproduction & Early Rearing
Photos by Richard Moccia
Fry Photo
The Business of Aquaculture
• Broker or Producer? Business Decisions • Species? • Hatchery or grow-out? Realities • Production System? • Live, fillets, whole, fresh or frozen? • No marketing co-op in Ontario • Up to 2 years for a return ($) from start up and
Constraints to Production
Constraints to Production Photos by Richard Moccia
Aquaculture Legislation & Regulations
Everything in Colour is Potentially Regulated
Aquaculture and the Environment
From Feed to Waste Soluble Waste Introduced Feed Solid Waste Feed Ingested Feed Digested Feed Converts to Body Mass Non-digested Feed Uneaten Feed Soluble Nutrients also Exits the Gills Non-digested Feed is Excreted as Solid Waste (fecal matter) Solid Waste Settles Out Dissolves in Water Column Settles Out Digested, Unutilized Nutrients and Metabolized End Products are Excreted as Soluble Waste Dissolves in Water Column
Other Potential Environmental • Escapes (genetic dilution, disease) Problems • Chemicals and antibiotics • Killing predators • Nutrient waste such as nitrogen and phosphorus (manure)
Challenges Facing Aquaculture • The regulatory climate • North American eating habits • Environmental issues • Public relations
That’s All
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