American Journalism History Foreign Journalism Berdak Bayimbetov

American Journalism: History Foreign Journalism Berdak Bayimbetov

United States of America (USA) Capital: Washington, Language: English, Population: 317, 566, 000

America’s first newspapers • Did not look like the papers of today—they were usually one sheet and made up of letters, essays, etc. • Publick Occurrences was the first newspaper. It was published in Boston in 1690 by Benjamin Harris. • It was ended by the government after one issue.

First Continually Published Paper • The Boston News-Letter, started by John Campbell in 1704 • It was published “by authority”—it had the government’s approval • More and more papers emerged as pioneers moved south and west.

Freedom of the Press • Early newspapers that criticized the government were guilty of sedition (the stirring of rebellion). • In 1735, John Peter Zenger printed articles critical of the Governor William Cosby. He was arrested and thrown into jail.

Freedom of the Press

The Birth of the Nation • The Zenger trial fanned the flames of freedom that were beginning to burn in the colonies. • By 1775, when the Revolution began, 37 newspapers were being published • They backed the Revolution and printed the cries to battle that rallied the rebels. • Some say there would not have been a Revolution without the support of the press.

The Birth of a Nation • After the Revolution, the nation grew rapidly, and so did the newspaper industry. • The first student newspaper, The Students Gazette, was founded in Pennsylvania, in 1777. • The first daily, The Pennsylvania Post, was founded in 1783.

The Penny Press • Early papers had little actual news, but in 1833, Benjamin Day founded the New York Sun and filled it with news and sold it for only a penny. • Day’s staff covered the police beat, wrote about tragedies and natural disasters, and toned down the opinions. • This was the “penny press” and was the forerunner of today’s newspapers.

The Penny Press • The New York Times, was founded in 1851 by Henry Raymond. It is considered one of the best newspapers in the country. Still functions.

Yellow Journalism • An unethical irresponsible brand of journalism that involved hoaxes, altered photographs, screaming headlines, “scoops, ” frauds, and endless promotions. • The most notable of the yellow journalists were William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Their newspapers were in constant competition.

The Pulitzer Price

Top ten US newspapers by circulation # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Newspaper The Wall Street Journal USA Today The New York Times Los Angeles Times San Jose Mercury News The Washington Post Daily News New York Post Chicago Tribune Chicago Sun. Times Primary Locality Daily Circulation Sunday Circulation Owner Nationwide 2, 118, 315 2, 078, 564 News Corporation Nationwide 1, 817, 446 State Gannett Company New York 1, 586, 757 2, 003, 247 Los Angeles California 605, 243 948, 889 The New York Times Company Tribune Company 575, 786 690, 258 Media. News Group New York San Jose California District of Columbia New York Chicago District of Columbia New York Illinois 507, 615 719, 301 530, 924 555, 327 414, 590 584, 658 434, 392 779, 440 The Washington Post Company Daily News, L. P. News Corporation Tribune Company Chicago Illinois 422, 335 434, 861 Sun-Times Media Group

The Effect of the Telegraph • During the Civil War (1861 to 1865) the telegraph began to be used to transmit stories. • Shortly afterwards, in 1849, the first newsgathering service was formed. This service, a forerunner of the Associated Press, began selling news to papers. • By 1910, there were 2, 600 daily newspapers in the United States.

De Forest made the first newscast in 1916 - the first Presidential election report by radio in November 1916

Radio • Regular daily programs started in Detroit in 1920 • The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) was formed in 1926 • Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) in 1927. • The Mutual Broadcasting system went on the air in 1934, and when part of NBC’s network was sold, it was renamed the American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

Radio • Radio still occupies an important place in the media • Most stations still play music mixed with news, and millions of Americans get their first morning news from radio as they drive to or from work or school. • There also a lot of “shock jocks” and call in radio programs.

Number of Radio Stations in the US (as of March 2011) • AM (amplitude modulation) stations – 4778 • FM (frequency modulation) commercial stations – 6533 • FM educational stations – 3417 TOTAL 14 728 • FM translator and booster stations – 6155 • Low-power FM stations – 864 Grand total: 21 747 118 000 people are employed in radio

Non-Commercial (consists of college, community, and NPR stations): Commercial: Adult Contemporary Urban Adult Contemporary Rhythmic Top 40 Spanish Rock and Modern Rock Alternative Country (all forms) Jazz Smooth (contemporary) Jazz Classical Kids Religious 692 176 103 61 292 495 306 103 1, 990 85 80 32 36 1, 067 All styles on one station 1, 000 Religious 500 Classical 272 Jazz 120

National Public Radio • Formed in February 26, 1970 • NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. • NPR, formerly National Public Radio, serves as a national syndicator to a network of 900 public radio stations in the United States. • NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming.

Television in the USA • The United States has a decentralized, marketoriented television system. • The United States has a national public broadcast service known as the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Founded Oct. 5, 1970. It has 354 member TV stations. • Local media markets have their own television stations, which may be affiliated with or owned and operated by a TV network.

Major U. S. networks National Broadcasting Company (NBC) • Founded 1926, by Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Changed their profile to TV in May 1939. • NBC has 10 owned-and-operated stations and nearly 200 affiliates in the United States and its territories.

Major U. S. networks Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) • Operate as a radio and TV network • It is the second largest broadcaster in the world behind the BBC. • The network is sometimes referred to as the "Eye Network" in reference to the shape of the company's logo. • Has 16 radio stations and 28 TV stations

Major U. S. networks The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox) The CW Television Network (The CW)

Television in the USA They began as radio networks: • NBC and CBS in the 1920 s, • ABC was spun off from NBC in 1943 • Fox is a relative newcomer that began in 1986 • The CW was created in 2006 when UPN (United Paramount Network) (of CBS) merged with The WB (Warner Bros).

As on March 2011: • 1, 774 full power TV stations: 1, 022 UHF commercial, 360 VHF commercial, 285 UHF educational, and 107 VHF educational. 10, 595 translators and booster stations. 2, 172 low power TV stations. • people employed in the broadcast industry. This includes over 187, 000 in television