America Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 4

America: Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 4 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth and Diversity • 1700– 1750—colonial population rose from 250, 000 to over two million • Young population, many under 16 years • Most growth through natural increase • Large influx of non-English Europeans • Colonists prospered America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth and Diversity • 800 miles along Appalachian Range from western Pennsylvania to western Georgia • Frontier complex, fluid, and violent mixture of Europeans, Native Americans and African Americans America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Distribution of European and African Immigrants in the Thirteen Colonies America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

European Groups Coming To The Colonies • • • Largest non-English group – Scots-Irish Concentrated on the Pennsylvania frontier Quick to challenge authority Germans came as hardworking farmers Transportation Act – sent convicted Felons to colonies America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground • Disease and European agricultural practices made it difficult for Europeans and Natives to coexist • Many eastern Indians moved into trans. Appalachian region – A “middle ground” where no colonial power was yet established – Whites and Indians could interact on equal basis • Remnants of different Indian peoples regrouped, formed new nations America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground • Native Americans continued to trade with Europeans for metal goods and weapons • Goal of Native American confederacies was to maintain strong, independent voice in commercial exchanges • Saw trade as a way of survival – Play English and French against each other America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground • Increased individual commercial interaction eroded traditional Native American structures of authority • Indians no longer consulted leaders when trading with European traders • Over time, Native American population declined in “middle ground” America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century • Spain occupied a large part of America north of Mexico since sixteenth century • Range from Florida Peninsula to California • Multicultural, interdependent society created of Spaniards and Native Americans • Spanish outposts grew slowly – harsh environment and Native Americans America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spanish Borderlands, ca. 1770 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture • Rapid change in eighteenth-century colonies • Growth of urban cosmopolitan culture • Aggressive participation in consumption • Major source of political information in newspapers America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Provincial Cities • Only about 5% of population • Five largest cities: Boston, Newport, New York, Philadelphia, and Charles Town • Economies were geared to commerce, not manufacturing • Inhabitants emulated English culture, fashion, and architecture • Cities were becoming more elegant America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

American Enlightenment • Intellectual movement that swept Europe with new, radical ideas – Age of Reason – man can find perfection through reason • The Enlightenment’s basic assumptions – Optimistic view of human nature – God set up the universe and human society to operate by mechanistic, natural laws – Those laws can be found through reason – Most Americans focus on practical knowledge America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Benjamin Franklin • Franklin (1706– 1790) regarded as only Enlightenment thinker by Europeans • Symbolized the enlightenment in America which was a search for practical knowledge • Started as apprentice printer and became printer and achieved wealth through printing business • Curiosity lead Franklin to important scientific discoveries and inventions America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Benjamin Franklin America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Economic Transformation • Long-term period of economic and population growth • England added to existing base of mercantilism rules from 1710 s– 1750 s – Colonial manufacture or trade of timber, sugar, hats, and iron restricted – Regulations not enforced • Trade was mainly with England West Indies; trade in West Indies to offset debt to England America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Birth of a Consumer Society • English mass-production of consumer goods stimulated rise in colonial imports • Americans built up large debts to English • Trade between colonies increased – allowed Americans to learn about one another • Eroded regional and local identities America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Great Wagon Road America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies • The Great Awakening – Spontaneous, evangelical revivals – People began to re-think basic assumptions about church and state, institutions and society – Movement occurred among many denominations in different places at differrent times over several decades America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Great Awakening • Jonathan Edwards sparked it as reminder of Puritan ideas – predestination • Evangelical part of Great Awakening – George Whitefield preached informal outdoor sermons to thousands in nearly all colonies • Split established churches into “new lights” and “old lights” America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Voice of Evangelical Religion Gave voice to those traditionally silenced Inspired individualism Promoted democratic spirit Optimistic attitude toward America Fostered sense of American unity Fostered sense of “new birth” among believers • “New Lights” formed colleges • • • – Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, and Rutgers America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Clash of Political Cultures • Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions • Effort led to discovery of how different they were from English people • English common law united colonies – legal practices resembled those of England America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The English Constitution • The British Constitution universally admired but not a written document – colonists want written Constitution • Believed to balance monarchy (king), aristocracy (House of Lords), and the people (House of Commons) • Balance believed to guarantee liberties • English common law important in uniting colonies America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Governing the Colonies: The American Experience • Colonists copy England’s Government • Royal governors: ambitious bureaucrats • More powers than king in England – Veto legislation – Dismiss judges – Command provincial military – Appoint colonial officials – NO TAX OR DISMISS ELECTED OFFICIALS America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Colonial Assemblies • Felt obligation to preserve colonial liberties and prevent encroachments on people’s rights • Assemblies controlled colony’s finances • Did not cooperate with governors – sometimes hostile toward governors • Exercised extreme vigilance against privileged power • All colonies experiences similar problems America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Century of Imperial War • Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals like France spilled over to colonies • France extended its presence from Canada into Louisiana • British saw French expansion as encirclement – conflict over Mississippi river and Ohio Valley • Native Americans try to hold middle ground America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

North America, 1750 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

King George’s War and Its Aftermath • French built Fort Duquesne to keep British from seizing Ohio River Valley • Virginians under George Washington failed to expel French • Albany Congress – Ben Franklin – unite colonists with British to kick out French • Albany Plan failed – fiscal jealousies of colonial assemblies America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Albany Congress and Braddock’s Defeat: Braddock’s Defeat • 1755—General Edward Braddock led force to drive French from Ohio Valley • Braddock’s army ambushed, destroyed • French still in control of Mississippi and Ohio River Valley America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Seven Years’ War • 1756—England declared war on France • Prime Minister William Pitt shifted strategy to focus on North America • By 1758, French cut off from re-supply • Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) abandoned, Quebec captured, last French forces surrendered, 1760 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Seven Years’ War • Peace of Paris 1763: France lost – British got all of North America east of the Mississippi – Spanish added Louisiana to their empire – Seven Years’ War most important war between France and England – French kicked out of North America – War left Great Britain with huge debt America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Seven Years’ War, 1756– 1763 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Perceptions of War • Expanded horizons of colonists – more aware of their land • Created trained officer corps that knew British vulnerabilities • British felt colonists ungrateful and not willing to bear their fair share of burden • Colonists saw themselves as “junior partners” to British • Forced colonists to cooperate with each other America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

North America after 1763 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rule Britannia? • Most Americans bound to England in 1763 • Ties included: – British culture – British consumer goods/trade – British evangelists – British military victories – British law America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rule Britannia? • Americans thought of themselves as partners in an Empire • To British, “American” equaled “not quite English” America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.