AMERICA AND THE WORLD 1921 -1945 America Past

AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921 -1945 America: Past and Present Chapter 27

Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry F 1920 s--American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment F U. S. refuses to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

Retreat in Europe F 1928 --Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war but binds no action to preserve peace F U. S. refuses recognition of Soviet Union F U. S. quarrels with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans

Cooperation in Latin America F Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute cooperation for military coercion F FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounces past imperialism F U. S. continues political, economic domination of Latin America

Rivalry in Asia F 1920 --Japanese occupy Korea, parts of Manchuria F U. S. Open Door policy blocks Japanese dominance of China

Rivalry in Asia: Washington Conference of 1921 F England agrees to U. S. naval equality F Japan accepted as third largest naval power F All nations agree to limit naval construction F Nine-Power Treaty--Open Door Policy reaffirmed F Four-Power Treaty--establishes alliance among U. S. , Great Britain, Japan, France

Isolationism F Depression shifts focus to domestic affairs F Rise of militaristic regimes threatens war – – – Germany Italy Japan

The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality F Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war F 1935 --Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of neutrality legislation – – U. S. trade with nations at war prohibited U. S. loans to nations at war prohibited F 1937 --Japan invades China F FDR permits sale of arms to China

War in Europe F FDR approves appeasement of Hitler F 1938 --Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia F FDR attempts to revise the neutrality acts, to give edge to England, France F January, 1939 --FDR attacks neutrality acts F September 1939 --W. W. II begins, Roosevelt declares the acts in force

The Road to War F U. S. remains at peace 1939 -1941 F Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan F Roosevelt openly expresses favor for Allies, moves cautiously to avoid isolationist outcry

From Neutrality to Undeclared War F 1939 -41 --FDR seeks help for England without actually entering the war F November, 1939 --belligerents may buy U. S. goods on "cash and carry" basis F 1940 --German occupation of France

From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England F U. S. gives or loans war supplies F U. S. ships transport war supplies F Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization

Showdown in the Pacific F 1937 --Japanese occupation of coastal China F U. S. limits exports to Japan of strategic materials F 1940 --Japan allies with Germany, Italy F Japanese invasion of Indochina prompts U. S. to end all trade

Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor F 1941 --U. S. -Japanese F Japan’s – – negotiations demands Free hand in China Restoration of normal trade relations F U. S. demands Japanese troops out of China F December 7, 1941 --Pearl Harbor attacked F December 8 --War declared

Turning the Tide Against the Axis F December, 1941 --Axis on the offensive F 1942 -43 --U. S. , England, Russia fight to seize the initiative F 1944 -45 --offensive to crush Axis

Wartime Partnerships F U. S. -English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill F Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance F Soviet Union often feels alone in conflict F Wartime tensions persist after victory

Halting the German Blitz F November 1942 --U. S. invades North Africa F May 1943 --U. S. , England invade Italy – – F Mussolini falls from power Slow advance up the Italian peninsula Summer, 1943 --Battle of Stalingrad – – Russia defeats Germans Begins advance into eastern Europe

Checking Japan in the Pacific F Two-pronged – – drive against Japan Douglas Mac. Arthur leads drive through New Guinea to the Philippines Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from Pearl Harbor to the Philippines F June, 1942 --victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

The Home Front F War ends depression F Economy geared for military output F Scarce goods rationed F Income of lowest-paid laborers increases faster than the rich F High savings rate lays basis for postwar prosperity

A Nation on the Move F Wartime migration South and West F Early marriages, increased birth rates F Family-related social problems – – – Housing shortages More divorces Neglected children

A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions F Women’s income increases 50% F African-Americans – – F Equal opportunities in war-related industry Surging migration from the rural South Mexican-Americans take urban factory jobs

A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment F 120, 000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps F 1944 --Supreme Court rejects appeal for release F 1988 --Congress votes indemnity of $1. 2 billion for survivors

Win-the-War Politics F 1942 --Republican-Southern Democrat coalition controls Congress F November, 1944 --Truman attracts moderates, FDR wins fourth term F February, 1945 --Yalta Conference F April 12, 1945 --FDR dies

Victory F June 6, 1944 --Normandy Invasion F April 25, 1945 --U. S. , Russian forces meet at Torgau F May 7, 1945 --unconditional German surrender

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy F Russia claims eastern Europe as prize for conquest of Germany F U. S. seeks collective security arrangement including the United Nations F Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify U. S. , Soviet differences

Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific F June 21, 1945 --U. S. capture Okinawa, complete control of Pacific F May-August--intense air attacks on Japan F August 6 --atom bomb destroys Hiroshima F August 9 --atom bomb destroys Nagasaki F August 14 --Japan surrenders

The U. S. at War’s End F U. S. the most powerful nation on earth F Unprecedented economic prosperity F Federal government a permanent force in daily life