Akabane Congenital Arthrogryposis-Hydranencephaly Syndrome, Acorn Calves, Silly Calves, Curly Lamb Disease, Curly Calf Disease, Dummy Calf Disease
Overview • Organism • Economic Impact • Epidemiology • Transmission • Clinical Signs • Diagnosis and Treatment • Prevention and Control • Actions to Take Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
THE ORGANISM Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Akabane Virus • Single stranded RNA virus – Family Bunyaviridae • Genus Orthobunyavirus • Sheep, goats and cattle – Intrauterine infection of fetus – No clinical signs in the dam Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
IMPORTANCE Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
History • 1959 – First isolated from mosquitoes in Japan • 1969 -70 – Israel outbreak – 3, 000 calves, 700 lambs, 600 kids • 1972 – First reported in Australia Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Economic Impact • High mortality to newborn and fetal cattle, sheep and goats • U. S. livestock greatly susceptible • Potential vectors found in U. S. • 2010 U. S. livestock statistics – Calves: 35. 4 million head – Lambs: 3. 6 million head Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Geographic Distribution • Tropics and subtropics • Australia, Japan, Israel, Korea • Occasionally in Asia, the Middle East, and South Africa Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Morbidity/ Mortality • Endemic areas – Immunity by sexual maturity – Seroprevalence 80% • Greatest risk – Naïve and susceptible animals – Favorable environmental conditions • High mortality in newborns – Most die soon after birth or must be euthanized Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
TRANSMISSION
Animal Transmission • Vector-borne – Mosquitoes – Biting midges • NOT transmitted by: – Direct contact – Infected tissues, exudates, body fluids – Fomites • Ruminants are not long-term carriers Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
ANIMALS AND AKABANE
Clinical Signs • Cattle, sheep, goats • Adults asymptomatic • Pregnant ruminants – Abortion and stillbirths – Premature births – Dystocia • Congenital abnormalities – Varies with stage of gestation Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Congenital Abnormalities • Early pregnancy – Behavioral abnormalities • “Dummy Calves” – Skull deformities • Second trimester – Arthrogryposis (rigidly flexed joints) – Severe muscle atrophy – Torticollis, scoliosis, kyphosis • Last trimester – Bright and alert but unable to stand – Ataxia, paralyzed limbs, muscle atrophy Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Post Mortem Lesions • Fetuses or newborns Arthrogryposis Microencephaly and Hydranencephaly Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Post Mortem Lesions • Other congenital abnormalities – Hydrocephalus, microencephaly, spinal cord agenesis or hypoplasia, torticollis, scoliosis, brachygnathism – Cataracts, ophthalmia – Hypoplastic skeletal muscles and lungs – Fibrinous polyarticular synovitis Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Differential Diagnosis • Cache Valley virus infection • Bluetongue • Bovine viral diarrhea virus • Border disease • Wesselsbron disease • Nutritional, genetic, or toxic diseases Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Sampling • Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted • Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Diagnosis • Clinical signs • Laboratory Tests – Serology • From fetus or neonate • Cerebrospinal fluid • Adults: antibody titer or seroconversion – Virus isolation and identification – RT-PCR – Immunofluorescent staining Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Treatment • No effective treatment • Affected neonates should be euthanized • Subsequent pregnancies unaffected Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
AKABANE IN HUMANS No human cases have been reported
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Recommended Actions • IMMEDIATELY notify authorities • Federal – Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) http: //www. aphis. usda. gov/animal_health/area_offices/ • State – State veterinarian http: //www. usaha. org/State. Animal. Health. Officials. pdf • Quarantine Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Prevention • Protection from vectors – Mosquitoes and biting midges • Vaccination – Inactivated and attenuated vaccine – Killed vaccine – Not currently available in U. S. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Additional Resources • World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) – www. oie. int • U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) – www. aphis. usda. gov • Center for Food Security and Public Health – www. cfsph. iastate. edu • USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases (“The Gray Book”) – www. aphis. usda. gov/emergency_response/do wnloads/nahems/fad. pdf Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
Acknowledgments Development of this presentation was made possible through grants provided to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Division, and the Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture. Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM ; Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, Ph. D Reviewers: James A. Roth, DVM, Ph. D; Katie Spaulding, BS; Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, Ph. D Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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