AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AT A LAYING HEN HOUSE

AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AT A LAYING HEN HOUSE: PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS AND EMISSIONS Teng Teeh Lim 1, Albert Heber 1, Ji-Qin Ni 1, John Gallien 1 and Hongwei Xin 2 1 Purdue University, 2 Iowa State University

Introduction • TSP and PM 10 emissions are regulated under the Clean Air Act. • Livestock buildings emit particulate matter (PM). • Lack of data on PM emissions from laying houses in the U. S. 2

Objectives • Test micro-weighing technology for measuring laying house PM. • Characterize concentrations and emissions of PM 2. 5, PM 10, and TSP. Ch 4. Odor, NH 3 and H 2 S Emission Factors for Finishing Houses 3

Field Test Site 183 m x 37 m Instrument shelter Dr. Jiqin Ni 73, 123 -cm fans Conventional high-rise house (2000) 4

Cages and Manure Pit 250, 000 hens Manure storage pit 5

Measurement Plan • • • Test period: June 3 -8, 2002 PM 2. 5, PM 10, & TSP concentrations Fan operation & static pressure Temperature and humidity NH 3, H 2 S, & CO 2 concentrations Wind speed and direction Ch 4. Odor, NH 3 and H 2 S Emission Factors for Finishing Houses 6

Vane anemometer RH/temp probe Static pressure port AD 592 temperature sensors Air sampling locations 3 10 4 11 Floor plan (186 m x 30 m) 1 2 N Exhaust air locations Instrument shelter Hall Side view Attic Cages Pit Instrument shelter Cages End view Pit 7

PM Monitoring Plan TEOM sensors and inlet heads Manure pit Barn wall l Manure retaining wall B C D Ventilation fans A Cables and heated vacuum tubing Instrument shelter Data acquisition Ch 4. Odor, NH 3 and H 2 S Emission Factors for Finishing Houses TEOM controller units 8

Representative Exhaust Location Anemometers Continuous stage 1 fan Heated raceway 9

Instrument Shelter TEOM monitors Data acquisition system 10

TEOM - Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance • • PM mass concentration EPA equivalent PM 10 method Real time A popular ambient monitor 11

TEOM Specifics • PM filter attached to vibrating inertial mass transducer • Flow rate: 16. 7 L/min • Sampler temperature: 50 o. C 12

TEOM Flow Schematic Sampling inlet Vacuum pump Bypass Mass flow controllers flow 13. 67 L/min Controller unit Filters 3. 00 L/min Flow splitter Main flow Mass transducer Sensor unit 13

TEOM Enclosures Indoor Outdoor 14

TEOM Sampling Inlets PM 10 PM 2. 5 TSP 15

Collocated TEOMs External screen 16

Problems Experienced with our TEOMs • • • Clogging of insect screen. Condensation/ice in vacuum line. Heat generation by vacuum pump. Flow controller failures. Vacuum line leaks. Ch 4. Odor, NH 3 and H 2 S Emission Factors for Finishing Houses 17

Dust Accumulations 18

In-Field Fan Tests 19

Measurement at Laying House PM 10 emission = 186 m 3/s x 294 µg/m 3 /1000= 55 mg/s 20

Overall Means (6 days) Variable 24 -h Day Night Ventilation, m 3/s 288± 37 326± 38 196± 22 PM 2. 5, mg/m 3 39± 8. 0 47± 7. 7 19± 8. 7 PM 10, mg/m 3 518± 74 611± 44 293± 103 TSP, mg/m 3 1887± 563 2268± 718 196± 22 Poultry houses PM 2. 5, g/d-AU in Northern Europe: 1. 1± 0. 3 1. 4± 0. 3 0. 4± 0. 3 Respirable = 16± 3. 4 0. 45 mg/m PM 10, g/d-AU 20± 2. 9 6. 3± 3. 4 80± 15 21± 7. 9 Inhalable = 3. 6 mg/m 3 TSP, g/d-AU 63± 15 Source: Takai et al. (1998) 3 21

10 100 PM 10 NAAQS for PM 2. 5 = 65 mg/m 3 8 80 3 PM 2. 5 , g/m TSP mg/m 3, PM 10 , 10 -1 x mg/m 3 Average Time-of-Day Hourly Mean PM Concentrations 6 60 PM 2. 5 4 TSP 2 40 NAAQS for PM 10 = 150 mg/m 3 20 lights-on 0 0 4 8 12 Time of Day, h 0 16 20 24 Mean PM 2. 5 = 39± 8. 0, PM 10 = 518± 74, and TSP = 1887± 563 mg/m 3 22

Average Time-of-Day Hourly Mean PM Emission Rates 40 30 TSP 1. 0 PM 10 20 0. 5 PM 2. 5 10 lights-on 0. 0 0 4 8 12 0 16 20 PM 2. 5, mg/s, PM 10, 10 xmg/s TSP, g/s 1. 5 24 Time of day, h Mean PM 2. 5 = 1. 1± 0. 3, PM 10 = 16± 3. 4, and TSP = 63± 15 g/d-AU 23

24 -h Record of 10 -min Mean PM 10 Concentrations, Ventilation Rates, and RH, on June 6, 2002 76 74 2000 Ventilation 72 1500 RH 70 1000 68 PM 10 500 66 lights-on 0 0 4 8 12 Time of day, h 64 16 20 24 24 Relative humidity, % PM, g/m , Ventilation, 10 xm 3/s 3 2500

FRMs vs. TEOM 25

Daily Mean Ventilation and Inlet Temperature 30 Ventilation 20 2000 10 1000 0 0 12/1 -10 12/29 1/26 2/23 3/23 4/20 5/18 6/15 Day of test, mm/dd Overall Mean = 703 m 3/h-AU, compared to 451 and 965 m 3/h-AU for winter & summer in Europe (Seedorf et al. , 1998) 26 o Inlet temperature Temperature, C 3 Ventilation, m /h-AU 3000

Hourly Mean Ventilation and MWPS Design Values 800 Ventilation, m 3/s 700 Designed capacity 600 Summer max. 500 400 300 200 Winter min. 100 0 12/1 12/29 1/26 2/23 3/23 4/20 5/18 6/15 Day of Test, month/day Compared to 4. 0 and 0. 5 ft 3/min-bird for summer and winter, converted to m 3/s-building for 246, 336 hens 27

Single Day PM 10 Emission Data 28

Summary • Mean Concentrations – PM 2. 5 = 39 ± 8. 0 mg/m 3 – PM 10 = 518 ± 74 mg/m 3 – TSP = 1887 ± 563 mg/m 3 • Mean Emissions – PM 2. 5 = 1. 1 ± 0. 3 g/d-AU – PM 10 = 16 ± 3. 4 g/d-AU – TSP = 63 ± 15 g/d-AU 29

Summary (Cont’) • Daytime PM concentrations and emissions were significantly higher than at night. • Ventilation influenced PM concentrations, temperature, and RH in relatively short time scales. 30

Caveats and Recommendations • Gross PM emission rates reported because background PM not measured. • We should not estimate annual emission factors from this data because they represent the highest emission rates of the year. • Research is needed to determine how well the TEOM PM 10 inlet performs in poultry houses by measuring particle size distributions. 31

Advantages of TEOM • Real-time data and dynamic emission information • Infrequent filter changes • Internal data logger • Can monitor flow rates, filter loading, total loadings, etc. 32

Thank you! 33 www. Ag. Air. Quality. com

Air Quality Measurements at a Laying Hen House: Experimental Methods Albert J. Heber, Professor Ji-Qin Ni, Research Assoc. Teng-Teeh Lim, Post Doc Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University Ag. Air. Quality. com

Microweighing Technology Pressure monitor Critical venturi Filters Pressure regulator Source: Hinze et al. (1999) Multi-point gravimetric filter sampling Vacuum pump 35 Source: Wang et al. (1999)