Aim why did the Investiture Controversy have an

Aim: why did the “Investiture Controversy” have an impact on Western Europe? Investiture Controversy

1054 CE • The Great Schism

1056 CE • Henry IV becomes king of Germany aged six (6)! (Born in 1050 CE)

Holy Roman Empire • Neither holy nor Roman nor an empire – Voltaire.

1059 CE • College of Cardinals created: secular leaders no longer to play a role in the No longer selection of the Pope. the Roman • The Roman Catholic Church sees an Church opportunity to change their relationship with Germany (and other monarchies). • Simony / Investiture: The sale of church offices by monarchs would no longer be tolerated by the RCC.

Pope Gregory VII: Simony and Celibacy 1074 • Those who have been advanced to any grade of holy orders, or to any office, through simony, that is, by the payment of money, shall hereafter have no right to officiate in the holy church. Those also who have secured churches by giving money shall certainly be deprived of them. And in the future it shall be illegal for anyone to buy or to sell [any ecclesiastical office, position, etc. ]. • Nor shall clergymen who are married say mass or serve the altar in any way. We decree also that if they refuse to obey our orders, or rather those of the holy fathers, the people shall refuse to receive their ministrations, in order that those who disregard the love of God and the dignity of their office may be brought to their senses through feeling the shame of the world and the reproof of the people. Read analyze! • Decree of Council at Rome 1074, [Mansi XX. P. 404], in Oliver J. Thatcher, and Edgar Holmes Mc. Neal, eds. , A Source Book for Medieval History, (New York: Scribners, 1905), pp. 134 -135

Pope Gregory VII: Dictatus Papae 1075 (& 1090) • That the Roman church was founded by God alone. • That the Roman pontiff alone can with right be called universal. • That he alone can depose or reinstate bishops. • That of the pope alone all princes shall kiss the feet. • That his name alone shall be spoken in the churches. • That this is the only name in the world. • That it may be permitted to him to depose emperors. • That the Roman church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture bearing witness • That he who is not at peace with the Roman church shall not be considered catholic. • That he may absolve subjects from their fealty to wicked men. Analyze

Henry IV’s letter to Pope Gregory VII (January 24, 1076) now aged 26. • Henry, king not through usurpation but through the holy ordination of God, to Hildebrand, at present not pope but false monk. • The pope was also German. His last name was Hildebrand. • I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all of my Bishops, say to you, come down, and be damned throughout the ages.

“Germany” in Medieval Europe Pope Duke King Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord

“Walk to Canossa, ” 1077 CE.

“Germany” in Medieval Europe Pope Duke King Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord Lord The war in Germany continues. However, …

• Henry IV is victorious. And once he has finished with his German nobles who supported the Pope, he then invades the Italian peninsula in 1081 and besieges Rome causing the Pope to flee to southern Italy in 1085 rescued by his Norman allies. • The Pope dies soon after…

Aim: why did the “Investiture Controversy” have an impact on Western Europe? Investiture Controversy

Fin

God Monarchy e. g. : king Nobles Knights Gentry (educated) and freeholders (land owners) Commoners (most commoners are rural peasants i. e. : serfs)