Agricultural Revolution new innovations in the production

Agricultural Revolution: • new innovations in the production of food: crop rotation • fed city-dwellers • the “enclosure movement” forced poor farmers off their land Population: • England’s population swelled; more people = specialization of labor (you can do other things besides farming!) • more reliable food supplies and resistance to disease • higher percentage of children led to child labor

BRITAIN’S ADVANTAGES • Natural resources: water; coal; iron ore; rivers • Investment in new inventions • Stable gov’t • Banking system • Peace • Factors of production: land, labor, capital (wealth)

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY Textiles: wool, linen, cotton turned into clothing Major Inventions: • John Kay: flying shuttle • James Hargreaves: spinning jenny • Richard Arkwright: water frame • Samuel Crompton: spinning mule • Ed Cartwright: power loom Machines set up in factories: large buildings

Steam Engine: • 1765 James Watt • Used to propel boats and locomotives

The Factory Location of machines Near water at first, then moved to cities

INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR GOODS MORE PEOPLE CAN AFFORD GOODS MACHINES PRODUCE MORE GOODS EFFICIENT PRODUCTION MEANS GOODS BECOME CHEAPER

More Innovations • Canals and steam engines on boats • New roads • Railroads– the most important transportation innovation of the Industrial Age

Life During the Industrial Revolution

Growth of Cities • Urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities • Where were factories built?

Living Conditions • Cities lacked… – Plans (unpaved streets) – Sanitary codes (no drains, garbage in streets) – Adequate housing – Education – Police protection • Average life expectancy in Liverpool, England (1842) – Gentleman: 42 years – Tradesman: 22 years – Industrial worker: 15 years

Working Conditions • 14 hours/day (6 or 7 a. m. to 8 p. m. ) • ½ hour for lunch and 1 hour for dinner • 6 days/week • Dark, dirty factories • No safety regulations (injuries, black lung) • Luddites (1811) • Child labor: – Same long hours – Abuse – Injuries • Factory Act 1819

Environmental Impact • Air pollution • Toxic waste dumping into river

' New Industrial Cities - poor were crammed into small cheap houses - air pollution, dirty streets, contaminated water were problems ' Rural Environments - landscapes of industrialized were countries transformed - deforestation , canals, and railroads made the biggest impact

Positive Impact • • Created jobs Contributed to the wealth of the nation Fostered technological progress and invention Increased production Raised standard of living Healthier diets Better housing Cheaper clothing

Class Divisions • Lower class: workers • Lower middle class: factory overseers, skilled workers • Upper middle class: government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories, mines, shops • Upper class: – “New money”: factory owners, merchants, investment bankers – “Old money”: landowners, aristocrats

WHICH IDEAS HELPED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

CAPITALISM– Economic system that helped the Industrial Revolution; on the side of business Origins: since earliest buying and selling of goods Who makes economic decisions? • Buyers and sellers; market

Adam Smith believed in laissez-faire policies: • No gov’t interference w/ business • Smith’s ideas were foundation of Capitalism 3 Key Elements of the Free Market 1. Supply and demand; no regulation – the buyers and sellers determine prices 2. Self-Interest 3. Competition ADAM SMITH

The Characteristics of Capitalism • Private ownership of property • Free enterprise: you can start a business or buy and sell anything you want to! • Competition among businesses • Freedom of choice • Possibility to make profits

Capitalism in the U. S. A. The American Ideals: • Each person knows what is best for him/her • Right of all persons to own private property • Economic freedom is part of political freedom • The U. S. has a mixed-market economy: free-enterprise combined with some gov’t intervention

Laissez-Faire Economics Thomas Malthus • Population & food supply • Fewer children • Decrease charity & vaccines David Ricardo • Increased wages won’t help • Cost of necessities constantly increase • Gov’t should not help poor • People should help themselves

RESPONSES TO CAPITALISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATION: UTILITARIANISM JEREMY BENTHAM JOHN STUART MILL

UTILITARIANISM • Goals? • What should government do to help workers? • How could voting help?

Economic and Social Systems that developed as a response to Capitalism and the effects of the Industrial Revolution: SOCIALISM COMMUNISM

SOCIALISM Definition: system in which people as a whole rather than private individuals own some property and operate businesses Means of production: farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

Socialism Goal: To distribute wealth and economic opportunities equally among people Three Key Elements: 1. Government controls most major decisions about production 2. Public ownership of the means of production: land, factories, etc. (meaning, the gov’t has a say in most economic aspects “for the good of the people”) 3. Everything produced according to a rigid plan

Communism Karl Marx: “Workers of the world, unite!” • Class struggles b/t the “haves” (bourgeoisie)& the “have-nots” (proletariat) • Bourgeoisie (owners) exploit the Proletariat (workers) • Workers will overthrow capitalists (factory owners) in revolution • Marxism (same as communism) Communism is one class in society-- no rich or poor; communal ownership of property, no gov’t Command economy: state owns land, natural resources, industry, banks, media, etc. Gov’t controls decisions about economy No private property Who’s in control? Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Capitalism vs. Marxism (Communism) Capitalist Ideas: Marxist Ideas: q self-interest = progress q Private Property q Market economy aims to produce best products & lowest prices q Government should not interfere w/ the economy o History is an economic class struggle between the “haves” and the “have-nots” o Means of production owned by the community o Classless society = progress and harmony

The Political Spectrum

CHANGING SOCIETY Reform Movements

Unionization for factory workers: • Long hours, dangerous conditions, no benefits, no job security Goals: Raising wages & improving working conditions Collective Bargaining: • Negotiations b/t workers & employers • Strike: if demands for better conditions/pay were refused, workers would strike

Factory Act of 1833: Child Labor • Illegal to hire kids under 9 • 9 -12 yr olds couldn’t work over 8 hrs/day • 13 -17 no more than 12 hrs 1842 Mines Act: no children or women in mines 1847 Ten Hours Act of 1847: 10 hr work day

• Slave trade ended in British empire in 1807 • Slavery in the empire ended in 1833 • Slavery in the U. S. ended in 1865 • Move from slave labor to cheap labor: what is the major difference?

Movements in public education Suffrage: in Britain, only people who owned land could vote– not a true democracy! Worker’s Suffrage: right of all men to vote; achieved in early 1900 s WOMEN’S MOVEMENT • Mid-1800 s formed unions • Rallied for the abolition of slavery • By 1890, protested unfair laws and customs • Women’s suffrage not achieved in U. S. or Britain until after World War I