Agenda w w w Values in Communication The

Agenda w w w Values in Communication The American Value System Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words Listening Skills from the Textbook Listening Skills from Research Critical Thinking

Values of Communicators w Isolating Values w Determining Values in Others’ Messages

Agenda w Values in Communication w The American Value System Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w Listening Skills from the Textbook w Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking w

American Values Meridian House International, 1984

Personal Control Change Future Time Action Equality Informality Individualism Directness Self-Help Practicality Competition Materialism

Personal Control Mankind Should Control Nature Humans Can Achieve Anything Look Out for Own Self Interests

We Value Change Development Improvement Progress Growth

Time and Its Control Utmost Importance Punctuality Use Wisely Delayed Gratification

Future-Oriented w Devalue Past w Unconscious of Present w Planning the Future w Someday. . .

Equality/Egalitarianism w “Created Equal” w No Deferential Treatment

Individualism w Privacy w We See Ourselves as Unique w “Time to Myself”

Self Help w Accomplishments w Self-Made Man w Born Poor; Made Good

Action-Oriented w Workaholics w “Don’t Just Sit There…” w Identify Self by Profession w Value Labor

w Casual Informal with Authority w First Names w Shorts w “Hi” Familiarity

Competition Free Enterprise Be the Best Progress

Directness w Openness w Honesty w Assertiveness

Practical w Efficient w Pragmatic w Rational w Objective w Effective

Materialistic We Own • VCRs, DVD players, Big screen TVs • Automobiles • Telephone, Answering Machines, Pagers, Cell Phones • Personal Computers… Is this material Enough?

Values of Communicators w Isolating Values w Determining Values in Others’ Messages

Methods to Extract Values ÊListen for words that openly state values Ë Listen for negative words Ì Find unstated values behind stated beliefs Í Look for unexpected omissions Î Look for connotative language Ï Look at sources of evidence Ð Note proportions

Background w September 15, 1962 Birmingham, Alabama: • 4 children killed in Sunday School bombing w January 1963: • Governors Orville Faubus and George Wallace oppose integration of public schools arguing for nullification, interposition, and interdiction w March 1963: • Sheriff Bull Conner turns fire hoses turned on young people to prevent their registering to vote w July 1963: • FBI spreads rumor of planned riots during the march on Washington planned for August 28, 1963

Values Analysis of the “I Have a Dream” Speech of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. w Look for words actually used w Compare to expectations for such a message

Positively Stated Values Negatively Stated Values Freedom , free Not free, oppression 3 25 22 Total Brotherhood 7 Exile, discord 7 14 Pursuit of happiness 6 Poverty, default 6 12 Life 1 Physical violence 10 11 Justice 6 Injustice 3 9 Equality 2 Segregation 6 8 Faith, pray, God 7

Agenda Values in Communication w The American Value System w Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w w Listening Skills from the Textbook Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking w

Text Suggestions w w w w Don’t argue prematurely Separate the message from the speaker Be “opportunistic” Look for key ideas Ask questions Paraphrase Take useful notes

Agenda Values in Communication w The American Value System w Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words w Listening Skills from the Textbook w w Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective 1. Controlling through Listening for feedback Mistakes 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Calling the subject boring Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Delay evaluating subject Tolerating Distractions Modify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective 1. Controlling through Listening for feedback Mistakes 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Calling the subject boring Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Delay evaluating subject Tolerating Distractions Modify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective 1. Controlling through Listening for feedback Mistakes 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Calling the subject boring Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Delay evaluating subject Tolerating Distractions Modify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective 1. Controlling through Listening for feedback Mistakes 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Calling the subject boring Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Delay evaluating subject Tolerating Distractions Modify the situation

Listening Habits of the Effective and Ineffective 1. Controlling through Listening for feedback Mistakes 2. Asking why the subject might be valuable Avoiding Difficult Materials Watch varieties Paper and pencil listening 1. Calling the subject boring Using notes 2. Using different notation methods Delay evaluating subject Tolerating Distractions Modify the situation

The ACE Listening Method w Attention w Comprehension w Evaluation Listen and Take Notes!

Agenda w Values in Communication The American Value System Detecting Values from Speakers’ Words Listening Skills from the Textbook Listening Skills from Research w Critical Thinking w w

Advice from the textbook on critical thinking Listen for information first w Evaluate the speaker’s credibility w Examine the Speaker’s Evidence and Reasoning w Examine Emotional Appeals w

Informal Fallacies w w w w False cause – post hoc ergo propter hoc • Post hoc for short Bandwagon fallacy – ad populum Either or fallacy Hasty generalization Attacking the person – ad hominem Red herring Non sequitur

Other Fallacies You Need to Know Appeal to authority, rather than the authority’s reasons: Ad verecundiam w Begging the Question w

Activity with Fallacies

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