Age of Imperialism 1870 -1914 An

Age of Imperialism: 1870 -1914

An advertisement for Pears’ Soap: “The first step towards lightening is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness” the advertisement asserts. “Pears’ Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, while amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place— it is the ideal toilet soap. ” n

OLD IMPERIALISM vs NEW IMPERIALSIM The difference?

OLD IMPERIALISM: 16 th-19 th century AKA->Age of Exploration European powers did not usually acquire territory for conquest (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations. • Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers. n “Gold Glory, God!”

Under the old imperialism, the African claims of the Portuguese and Spanish were minimal. n n Portuguese Territory n Spanish Territory n n

New Imperialism; 1870 -1914 1. n n tended to favor direct conquest & formal empire • Africa and Asia had seen limited Euro. intrusion and most contacts had been coastal in nature…entire continents now came under Euro. Influence 2. pursued by economic needs created by the Ind. Rev. ; exclusive control over resources! 3. motivated by political needs empire building, and social and religious reasons, as well. n “CHRISTIANITY, COMMERCE, CIVILIZATION”

n. Source n. Raw for n. European Nationalism n. Materials n. Industrial n. Missionary Activity n. Revolution n. Markets Finished Goods for European Motives For Colonization n n. Military & Naval Bases n. Social Darwinism n. Places n. European Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. Racism n“White Man’s Burden” to n. Humanitarian Reasons n. Soc. & Eco. Opportunities

Causes/Motives of New Imperialism 1. Economic Reasons 2. 3. Military & Political Reasons Humanitarian, or Superiority Complex of the Europeans! n Racism, Ethnocentrism 4. Technology 5. Social Propaganda

Technological Superiority n n n Maxim Automatic Machine Gun (1884)-first automatic machine gun Steam Engine allows Europeans to sail deep into Africa and setup trading post along rivers. Railroads, Canals, and steam make travel easier and faster. Medicine cures Malaria/ Medical advances-development of quinine an anti-malaria drug, in 1829.

Motives, con’t Civilize the World: Christianity christianize “heathens” “White Man’s Burden”

The “White Man’s Burden” n A phrase used to justify European imperialism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; it is the title of a poem by Rudyard Kipling. The phrase implies that imperialism was motivated by a high-minded desire of whites to uplift people of color. n n Rudyard Kipling-

Interpretation-White Mans Burden n Take up the White Man’s burden– Send forth the best ye breed– Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild– Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. n n n Interpretation? Racist? Ethnocentric?

How do you interpret Kipling’s poem? n n n Is he being Eurocentric and asserting that European culture has a duty to bring civilization to the rest of the world? Is he using satire against notions of imperialism and making fun of these ideas of the superiority of the white race? Here are some ways political cartoons and even advertisements depicted the so called “white man’s burden. ”

n White Man’s Burden

n n n Voice From the Past “I contend that we [Britons] are the finest race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race…it is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honourable race the world possesses. ” Cecil Rhodes, Confessions of Faith 1877

n Lesson Focus 1. The Congo 2. British, Boers, Zulus. . whose in charge? 3. . . and the winner is?

n African Lands Become European Colonies

“Scramble for Africa”. . 1850’s on. . n n n Africa is a land divided by many different African cultures and fighting among tribes. Known as the “Dark Continent” African weapons are no match for the European weapons. 1880 – “The Scramble for Africa”-single most remarkable development in the new imperialism Discovery of Gold and Diamonds speed up the “Scramble for Africa”

History of South Africa-the Congo sparks interest! n 1870 s: n Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.

Exploration of the Congo…the “Players” n n Leopold II n Henry Stanley David Livingstone

Africa n n 1880, Europeans controlled 10% of Africa; by 1914 controlled all except Liberia & Ethiopia Belgian Congo • At behest of Leopold II, H. M. Stanley established trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for Belgium – rubber tree plantations were created • Leopold’s incursion into Congo basin also raised the question of the political fate of black Africa • Notorious for brutality

Livingstone n n n David Livingstone Scottish missionary/doctor 1860 s traveled deep into Africa disappeared. Many people thought Livingstone was dead.

Stanley and Livingstone n n n The New York Herald hired Henry Stanley to travel to Africa to find Livingstone. Stanley was given an unlimited amount of money for this expedition. When Stanley found Dr. Livingstone (Nov. 1871) he is reported to have said this famous greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume? ”, which made headlines around the world. Fabrication? ? On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences: How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveries in Central Africa.

The Congo Sparks Interest n n n New York Herald, in partnership with Britain's Daily Telegraph financed to explore Africa and trace the Congo. King Leopold II of Belgium commissioned Stanley(1874) to serve as an envoy to organize the Congo Free State. Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs who gave Leopold II control over these lands.

Stanley n n Wrote, Through the Dark Continent, that "the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision”. inspiration for Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness

Some 10 Million Victims killed or maimed! (50% of Population) n It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery. . . The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead. . . This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official n

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo n

European Imperialism at its worst! 1908 English cartoon, “Leopold, King of the Congo, in his national dress. ” Focuses on the barbaric practice of cutting off hands & feet of Africans who refused to gather rubber as demanded! Page 797. /

Was it all bad? ? n n n Schools, hospitals, railroad, steamboats=industrialization Quinine Improved living conditions. . . if one was alive! n To Discuss: Is there any time that death/genocide can be outweighed by “benefits? ”

Berlin Conference (1884 -1885) n n Otto von Bismarck & Jules Ferry Established rules for colonizing Africa. Any European country can control land as long as they can control the territory and notify the other European nations first. “effective occupation!” was the rule for takeover set by this conference No Africans were invited!/ n

Britain’s claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources. n. Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location. n British Territory n n

Dutch Landing in 1652—Dutch came with the Dutch East India company & settled here. / n

Diamond Mines n Raw Diamonds n

n South Africa n The Boers In the mid-1600 s, Dutch farmers known as Boers (also called Afrikaners). settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station. n In the 1700 s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters began to move north. The British then acquired Cape Colony in the early 1800 s. n n n. Cape n. Town AFRICA s er o n. B Colony Cape Colony

The Great Trek, 1836 -38 n 1830’s – Great Trek – Boers move north to escape British and clash with Zulu. n Afrikaner s n

South Africa n n The Zulus Early 1800 s n. Shaka conquered & united tribes to form the Zulu nation. n n. Zulu n. Nation n. Cape n. Town Colony Shaka n. Zulu n

Shaka Zulu n (1785 – 1828)

n South Africa n The Zulus: skilled and organized fighters n Shaka used his power and fought against European slave traders and ivory hunters. n

South Africa n n Zulus The Zulus also fought the Boers as they migrated north from Cape Colony. s n er o B n. Cape Colony

n South Africa 1859: The Zulus vs. British n. British eventually destroy the Zulu empire. n

Cecil Rhodes (1853 -1902) n “The Colossus of Rhodes” n

CECIL RHODES (1853 -1902) • • • British businessman and politician in southern Africa Made a fortune from African diamond mines Established South African Company – Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) • Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890 -1896) – Wanted British control over South Africa – Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad • Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa – Great Britain became leading colonial power in southern Africa/

Cecil Rhodes (1853 -1902)—pg. 798 -Individuals in Society n Capetown to Cairo n Annex the Boer Republic n “The Colossus of Rhodes” n

n n South Africa The Boer War late 1800 s: nthe discovery of gold and diamonds in the northern Boer territory set off the Anglo-Boer war n 1899 -1902: War nguerrilla fighting. n British win n n British n Boers

n Boers n British

A Future British Prime Minister n British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill n

The Boer War: 1899 – 1902 n “total war!” The British n The Boers n

The Struggle for South Africa n

n n n 1899 – 1902 Boer War – Dutch vs. British The Dutch use commando/ gorilla tactics. British burn farms and establish the 1 st disease-ridden concentration camps by imprisoning Dutch women and children. 1902 – Britain wins the war defeating the Boers. The British combine Dutch states to create British controlled union of South Africa. 1910 -British creates, Union of South Africa. Apartheid begins and will last until the 1990’s!!/

n South Africa In 1910 n. British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid. n Apartheid: government policy calling for separation of the races n. Nelson Mandela; F. W. De. Klerk n. Elections 1994: first in South Africa with universal suffrage n The new multicolored flag of South Africa adopted in 1994 to mark the end of Apartheid/ n

n Liberia n Independent Africans After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa. n 1822: n. American Colonization Society to settle freed American slaves in West Africa n. Africa’s oldest republic n. The former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor. n n. President n. Monroe

n Liberia n

n n Ethiopia Independent Africans Ethiopia developed under Emperor Menelik II nmodernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools. n Routed an Italian invasion in 1896 to est. independence n. No others tried to take Ethiopia n. Last emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in 1974 n

n Ethiopia n n Menelik

n Pg. 796

Conclusion

Imperialism in Asia—Europeans conquer, colonize, but when it came to Asian migration to Europe ”great white walls” What were the great white walls? n India—pg. 804 n China—pg. 807 n Japan—pg. 806

British in India n n British East India company controlled much of India using sepoys. Crops: opium poppies for sale in China and cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empire Cotton textile making outlawed in India “Jewel in the Crown. ”

England & India Br. intro’d policies that challenged local traditions assoc. w/ caste, such as the sati n the Br. forced sepoys to accept overseas service, which also violated caste n The Br. also ran into trouble w/ the Lee-Enfield rifle : soldiers had to bite the tip off the cartridge, which were supposedly dipped in animal fat (another violation of caste) n

n n n Sepoy Mutiny (Great Rebellion) 1857 -58 soldiers who wouldn’t load their rifles were imprisoned…once freed, they killed Br. officers and marched on Delhi, restoring a Moghul emperor to the throne GB took control over the next year, taking control from the E. India Co. thru the Gov’t of India Act (Victoria as “empress”)—>”RAJ” British reforms in India continued: modern system of education (to train Indian civil servants), economic reforms (post/telegraphs, irrigation, railroads, tea plantations), creation of unified state.

Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny

Queen Victoria in India

Queen Victoria: Receiving the Crown of India—direct rule until 1947 when India gained independence

Lord Kitchener quote: pg. 805 n n “Kitch” (Horatio Herbert) was one of the most distinguished top military commanders in India To which of the causes of New Imperialism does his statement, apply? n Review the picture pg. 805 Imperial Complexities in India

The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire

Imperialism in China A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back, with Queen Victoria (UK), William II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and a samurai (Japan) cutting up a pie with Chine ("China" in French) written on it. n

Imperialism in China n n Because of repeated attempts at invasion, China distrusted foreigners and tried to remain isolationist. Britain gained spheres of influence in China through smuggling opium. Resulted in Opium War and Boxer Uprising.

Other remnants of the “Old Imperialism” n First Opium War (1839 -1841) Chinese gov’t tried to halt Br. From importing opium. War resulted! • Treaty of Nanking (1842) : Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain forever, pay large indemnity and open up 5 ports to foreign trade with low tariffs.

Listening to the past- pg. 808 n Lin Zexu(zexshoe) n Lin Zexu’s"Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria" was written before the outbreak of the Opium Wars. It was a remarkably frank document, especially given the usual highly stylized language of Chinese diplomacy. There remains some question whether Queen Victoria ever read the letter.

China: carved into spheres of influence in late 19 th century; this meant outside powers claimed exclusive trading rights n U. S. did not take part in this, instead supporting the: Open Door Policy 1899, sought to open commerce to imperial latecomers like itself, urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China while respecting its territorial integrity. n

The Open Door Policy n Sec. -State, John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

The Open Door Policy n

Boxer Rebellion, 1900: Patriotic uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment, was put down by imperial powers in 1900; Manchu/Qing dynasty, LAST imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912, would soon fall Captured Boxer--- Prisoners guarded by soldiers of the Sixth United States Cavalry, 1901 n Empress Tsu Hsi

China’s Response: Boxer Rebellion n n In 1900 they besieged the foreign embassies in Beijing A heavily armed force of British, French, Russian, US, German, and Japanese troops crushed the rebellion Calvin P. Titus won the Medal of Honor leading the American attack over the Chinese City Wall n n

1. What are the Chinese Boxer rebels doing in this image? n 2. Symbolically, what do you think the railroad represents to Europeans, and why might Europeans find the symbolism of destroying a railroad disturbing? n 3. Why would a newspaper run regular special issues on the Boxer rebellion? n

Dr. Sun Yat-sen n Dr. Sun Yat-sen a revolutionary, sought to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and established a republic(1911); sparked the beginning of a Chinese nationalist movement “Father of Modern China. ”

Imperialism in JAPAN

Japan Only major Asian country that DID NOT become a victim of imperialism! n Gunboat Diplomacy The American commodore, Matthew Perry, threatened to attack unless Japan permitted trade and opened ports to the United States. Commodore Matthew Perry (U. S. ): who compelled the opening of Japan to trade in 1853 n Perry died on March 4, 1858 in New York City, of liver cirrhosis due to alcoholism n

Japan n n Unlike China, Japan quickly modernized and became an imperial power by late 19 th century Meji Restoration, 1867: resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West. Restoration of the “emperor. ” Lasted for 45 years.

Russo-Japanese War (1904) n n Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land 1 st time an Asian country defeated a European power in over 200 years!!

Russo-Japanese War (1904) n n n Treaty of Portsmouth (mediated by U. S. president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island – Japan also went on to annex Korea Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, and Russia’s political situation deteriorated further, leading to the Russian Rev. Japan’s victory stimulated Asian nationalism – various Asian peoples hoped to emulate Japanese power and win their independence

Imperialism in America? ? n n n Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny – to expand from “sea to shining sea. ” Indian wars, the Mexican War and the Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism. Americans moved out into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth century (1800 s). Took control of Hawaii. Japan – in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan itself was an imperialist power, taking control of the Pacific. This led to American involvement in WWII. opened up trade with Japan by threatening military action Fought a war with Spain in 1898. Acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War)/

Imperialism in Latin America: US n In 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine that warned European states against imperialist designs in the western hemisphere • Any European attempt to reassert control over former colonies or to establish new ones would be considered as a threat against the US and an act of provocation n The Monroe Doctrine served as a justification for US intervention in hemispheric affairs/

US: Imperialism in Panama n n In 1903 the US supported a rebellion against Colombia and helped rebels establish a breakaway state of Panama In exchange for the support, the US won the right to build a canal across Panama and control the adjacent territory known as the Panama Canal Zone/

US: Imperialism in Panama n Between 1904 and 1914, the US built the Panama Canal which links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to transit Cape Horn/ n Gatun locks under construction in 1910

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine n n n In 1904 the government of the Dominican Republic went bankrupt President Theodore Roosevelt feared that Germany and other nations might intervene forcibly to collect their debts Roosevelt asserted that “in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. . ”/

Our “Sphere of Influence” n

The Age of Imperialism, 1850 -1914 Causes Nationalism To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade. Economic Competition Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies. Missionary Spirit Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world. Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized.

The Age of Imperialism, 1850 -1914 Effects Colonization Europeans control land people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized. Colonial Economics Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies. Christianization Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia.

Consequences of Imperialism n 1. beginning of a global economy 2. native culture & industry was destroyed. n 3. brought confrontation between cultures n 4. created political problems n

British Commonwealth of Nations n n replaces her empire: intergovernmental organization of 54 independent member states, all but two of which were formerly part of the British Empire The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organization through which countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status

Con’t-British Commonwealth Established: November 18, 1926 n The symbol of this free association is the Head of the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial position currently held by Queen Elizabeth II. n Official language is English n 54 nations n Headquarters: Marlborough House, London, UK n