Advancing Cassava Improvement Using Molecular Tools and Participatory

Advancing Cassava Improvement Using Molecular Tools and Participatory Techniques in Ghana Elizabeth Parkes, CSIR-CRI First Scientific Meeting of the Global Cassava Partnership GCP-1, 21 -25 July, 2008, Ghent, Belgium “Cassava: meeting the challenges of the new Millennium”

Outline l l Importance and History of Cassava Improvement in Ghana Breeding Approaches over the years in Ghana and Achievements Modern Trends in Breeding and Achievements Based on a Cassava MAS Study Way Forward

IMPORTANCE AND HISTORY OF CASSAVA IN GHANA Ranks first in the area under cultivation and utilization l UPPER WEST REGION UPPER EAST REGION NORTHERN REGION Over 70% of Ghanaian farmers produce cassava l Grown across all agro-ecological zones Wenchi l VOLT BRONG A AHAFO REGION ON ASANTE REGION Kumasi EASTERN REGION 0 80 Km CENTRAL WESTER REGION N REGION l Consumed by >80% (Pop. 22 million) l Cassava contributes 22% of AGDP GREATER Accra ACCRA REGION

Introduction of Cassava into Ghana Introduced by the Portuguese from Brazil in 1750 Seed bearing varieties led to the generation of Landraces possibly from natural hybridization Selection by farmers Hence the many names Formal breeding initiated by Lloyd-Williams of the Department of Agric. In the 1930. Most varieties susceptible to CMD Genotypes introduced from Trinidad, British Guyana, Mauritius, Java, Kenya, Sierra Leone and the Cameroon

Breeding from year 1750 to year 1950 Institution Variety Potential Year Released/ yield/ha introduced Uses Portuguese from Brazil Introductions 1750 Cheap source of cabohydrates for slaves Not Applicable Natural Selected by Hybridisation farmers Volunteers before 1930 Dept of Agric. C 50 C 282 Dept of Agric Ankrah GCH 7 Kseries 1930 Before 1950 3 -4 t/ha

BREEDING APPROACH OVER THE YEARS IN GHANA AND ACHIVEMENTS l Breeding scheme l Seeds Seedling Nursery Clonal Evaluation PYT AYT UYT On Farm Trial Release in 7 th year l Participatory research has become important

Cassava varieties released in Ghana Institution Variety Year of Potential Uses Release yield(t/ha) CSIR-CRI Abasafitaa 1993 26 -31 Fufu, gari, agbelima, starch Afisiafi 1993 27 -30 Gari, starch, konkonte, agbelima Gblemoduade 1993 - Limited use Agbelifia 2005 40 -50 Starch and gari Dokuduade 2005 35 -45 Starch Essam bankye 2005 40 -45 Flour Bankye hemaa 2005 40 -45 Bakery products

Institute Variety Year Released Potential Uses Yield KNUST Tekbankye 1997 30 -40 Fufu, gari, agbelima, starch Nkabom 2003 28 -32 Fufu, konkonte, gari, agbelima IFAD 2003 30 -35 Fufu, konkonte, gari, agbelima UCC Bankye botan 2005 Fufu and gari 25 -30 Cape coast university bankye 2005 25 -30 Fufu and gari

Institution Variety Year of release Pot. Yield t/ha) Uses CSIR-SARI Eskamaye 2002 16 -23 Tuo, konkonte, gari Filindiakong 2002 16 -20 Tuo, konkonte, gari Nyerikobga 2002 17 -29 Tuo, konkonte, gari

Table 2 cont’d Institution Variety Year of release Pot. Yield t/ha) Uses CSIR-SARI Eskamaye 2002 16 -23 Tuo, konkonte, gari Filindiakong 2002 16 -20 Tuo, konkonte, gari Nyerikobga 2002 17 -29 Tuo, konkonte, gari

Why the need for new breeding approaches? Ø Slow rate of generation of varieties Ø End-users needs not entirely met Ø Production constraints and emerging threats Ø Increasing industrial utilization

Addressing the constraints to increase cassava production Mine the wild gene pool for genes for resistance to pest, diseases and delayed PPD, eg M. walkerae, M. flabellifolia, M. glaziovii

Addressing the emerging threats of disease Westwards and Southwards Expansion of the Severe Cassava Mosaic Disease Pandemic (Africa) • EACMV-Ug Known CMD pandemic CMD ‘crisis’ zones Threatened areas • Keep ahead of a problem • Prevention is better than cure Cassava Belt

Develop varieties to supply Processing Industries Address Drought challenges to crop production

Current techniques in cassava breeding in Ghana q Crosses/hybridization q Mutation breeding q Participatory breeding

Biotechnology tools Participatory evaluation

CMD reaction of MAS selected in vitro cassava plantlets received from CIAT Mother Families No of Genotypes % % Resistant Susceptible __________________________________ C-4 TAI 8 1 30 (36) 10 90 C-4 CM-523 -7 2 40 (141) 0 100 C-33 CM-523 -7 3 7 (7) 86 14 CM 7951 - C-18 4 4 (5) 50 50 C-4 SM 1219 -9 5 45 (58) 0 100 TAI 8 C-243 6 3 ( 3) 100 0 C-1 TAI 8 7 3 (4) 0 100 TAI 8 C-33 8 1 (2) 0 100 OW 181 - C-33 9 0 (1) 0 0 OW 181 - C-377 10 12 (14) 67 33 OW 230 - C-19 11 1 (1) 0 100 ___________________________________ Key: values in the bracket represent the received number of genotypes per family

Average CMD reaction scores for CIAT inter-specific cassava hybrids in Ghana l l l Genotypes Ave. CMD score AFISIAFI 3. 0 AR 14 -10 1. 6 AR 15 -5 1. 4 CR 41 -10 2. 0 CR 42 -4 2. 0 CR 52 A-25 1. 7 CR 52 A-31 1. 8 CR 52 A-4 1. 8 CR 59 -4 1. 5 SISIPE 166 2. 8

Cassava Fresh Root Yield across three locations Clone Fumesua Ejura Pokuase Mean Afisiafi 45. 7 42. 7 33. 9 40. 8 AR-14 -10 43. 3 58. 4 23. 4 41. 7 CR 41 -10 48. 5 21. 3 23. 4 31. 7 CR 42 -4 50. 1 101. 4 27. 5 59. 7 CR 52 A-25 45. 1 64. 4 39. 8 49. 7 CR 52 A-31 55. 2 75. 8 54. 3 61. 8 CR 52 A-4 55. 5 50. 3 40. 6 48. 8 CR 59 -4 29. 6 52. 2 25. 0 36. 2 SISIPE 166 50. 0 31. 9 33. 0 38. 5 Mean 47. 0 55. 6 33. 4 45. 3 s. e. d 13. 8 29. 5 5. 39 19. 3 cv % 36. 7 62. 8 19. 7 52. 2

Can cassava improvement and release be fast-tracked? l Employ biotech tools and participatory breeding l Choose end- users from communities, farmer groups, across agroecological zones l On farm testing, on station testing and some multiplication should be done concurrently l Varietal release inspection plots should be established during the second year of on-farm testing (End-users selected Varieties CR 52 A-25, AR 14 -10 and CR 52 A-4 and CR 52 A-31 based on yield, good architecture, superior cooking characteristics colour and taste) .

Take Home Message l Cassava hybridization and use of landraces has become useful in Ghana l Biotech tools and participatory breeding will help to fast track cassava improvement l Participatory breeding could ensures easy technology adoption l Important traits of interest to end-users (farmers and Industry) are addressed

Way Forward l CSIR-CRI has been selected to be a National Center of specialization for Ghana under the WAAPP l Effective collaboration is vital l Exploitation of useful genes (reduce maturity time, Increase nutrients utilization, Improve resistance to disease, pest and herbicide) l Equipment supply and maintenance center should be established in the sub-region l Technical back-stopping with our collaborators

Elizabeth Parkes, Joe Manu- Aduening, Godfred Ampong- Mensah, Bright Boakye Preprah Edem Lotsu, Marian D. Quain, Pricsilla Adofo, Ruth Thompson, John N. Asafu-Agyei Emmanuel Okogbenin Martin Fregene

COLLABORATORS l l l l l CIAT, CALI COLOMBIA IITA, IBADAN NIGERIA Cornell University, ITHACA NY. IAEA, VIENNA Tuskegee University Alabama USA CSIR-FORIG CSIR-PGRRI, BUNSO CSIR-ARI The Universities (UG, KNUST, UCC etc)

Funding l l l l GOG (CSIR) NARP (World Bank) IFAD, RTIP, RTIMP GCP (Generation Challenge Program) TUSKEGEE University IAEA AGRA

Thank You! Me daa ase