Advances in Optical Networking Focus on Research

Advances in Optical Networking – Focus on Research Networks Jeff Verrant Senior Systems Engineer Ciena Government Solutions, Inc.

Agenda » New R&E Deployments » Fiber – it’s about proper planning! » State-of-the-art Technologies for RON’s 2 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Network Solutions for Research & Education Remote Off-Fiber Campus Solutions University Research University National Lab Research University Regional Optical Network National Backbone Connectivity Optical Add/Drop HPC Lab Gb. E/10 Gb. E Storage SONET Metro/Regional DWDM National Lab 2. 5 G 10 G 40 G Fully Automated Turnup and Management of Optical Connections Intelligent Optical Switching Long Haul DWDM 3 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Ciena’s Role in GIG BE PPP PPP » » Only finalist in three of four equipment categories » 4 Long-Haul DWDM transport vendor (OTS) Ciena DWDM gear likely to be deployed at all US Army Power Projection Platforms © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

GIG BE Service Delivery Node Provider Router Core. Stream DWDM Transport Lambda 10 Gbps Provider Edge Router Unclas IP 1 Gig ODXC Finalist Initially Up to 100 Gbps Provider Edge Router XX* XX* Provider Edge Router Scalable to 1600 Gbps Finalist MSPP 5 Secret IP 200 Mbps (IOC) 2 Gbps (FOC) TS/SCI IP 2 Gbps (FOC) © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. * Encryption Pt to Pt T-1 to OC-48

DOE Ultra. Science Net Connecting Oak Ridge, Atlanta, Chicago, Seattle and Sunnyvale: » Dynamically provisioned dedicated dual 10 Gbps SONET links » Proximity to several DOE locations: SNS, NLCF, FNL, ANL, NERSC » Peering with ESnet, NSF CHEETAH and other networks Atlanta Data Plane User Connections: Direct connections to: core switches –SONET & 10 Ggig. E channels MSPP – Ethernet channels Utilize Ultra. Science Net hosts Atlanta 6 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. Funded by U. S. DOE High-Performance Networking Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Agenda » New R&E Deployments » Fiber planning » Key Technologies for RON’s 7 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Common Fiber Connector Types LC Connectors are found on most new high density optical equipment. They are quickly becoming the standard connector type. The connector pictured above is a duplex LC connector, they can also be found in simplex varieties. The ST Connector was never as popular as the FC connector but can still be found on some test equipment and SONET/SDH systems. 8 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. SC Connectors are found on a lot of equipment. They are the standard connector for most older Gigabit Ethernet equipment. Although popular in Europe, the E 2000 connector is not very common elsewhere in the world. It has a unique automatic dust cover/safety mechanism that does provide significant value. The FC connector has a screw on locking mechanism and is common on SONET and SDH equipment as well as optical test gear. The MT-RJ connector was heralded as the de facto high density optical connector. Until they all started breaking and the LC connector was chosen. Some early high-density Gb. E switches have MT-RJ connectors.

Fiber Terminations » A wide variety of connectors and polishes » Provides low loss » Low reflectance with angle polish (FC) Flat Connectors (PC) Physical Contact Connectors -50 d. B -55 d. B (APC) Angled Polish Connectors © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. -40 d. B (SPC) Super Polish PC Connectors (UPC) Ultra Polish Connectors 9 -30 d. B -65 d. B

Fiber Dispersion – an Extended View 10 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Slope issues Target Range Band 4 Band 5 11 Band 6 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Agenda » New R&E Deployments » Fiber – it’s about proper planning! » State-of-the-art Technologies for RON’s 12 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Loopbacks A B NE NE Facility Loopback at A Cross Connect Loopback at A (Any Interface) Tests fiber, transceiver and interface module at A Tests fiber and transceiver at A A B NE Terminal Loopback at B Fiber Loopback at B (Client Ports Only) (Requires Physical Access) Tests fiber at A and all NE hardware except for transceiver at B 13 NE Tests fiber at A and all NE hardware © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Integrated EDFA Amp’s PRE-AMP POST-AMP G 1 1625 OSC G 2 G 3 DCM 1625 OSC » Flat wide-band AMP with broad span loss coverage for ULH/UHD » Integrated pumps, 16~25 d. B Gain, with 9 d. B mid-stage budget for DCM » Using VOAs balance segment losses, mid-stage loss and correct gain tilt » No manual padding and tweaking, Smartspan dynamic gain control Specification » » Pout=21 d. Bm » NF: 5. 5 d. B/6. 7(25 d. B/20 d. B loss) » Require force cooling 14 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Raman Amp • Launches high power, ~500 m. W ~ 1425 nm • Provides additional gain for high-loss spans • Uses the transmission fiber as a gain medium • Enables lower launch power • Improves OSNR characteristic • Minimizes non-linear effects Amplified Spontaneous Emissions Transmission Fiber Amplified Signal Weak Signal pump signal output Increased OSNR margin can be used for more channels or more distance 15 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. Amplified Spontaneous Emissions pump signal input

BER Improvement Using 10 G UFEC • 1 E-0 1 – 9. 953 Gb/s – 1 E-15 BER @ 25 d. B SNR 0. 1 1 10 Bit Error (BER) Bit Error Ratio. Rate 1 10 0. 01 3 4 5 1 E-5 1 10 6 1 10 7 1 10 8 1 10 9 1 10 10 11 E-10 10 11 1 10 12 1 10 13 1 10 14 1 10 15 1 E-15 1 10 16 1 10 17 1 10 18 1 10 19 1 10 20 1 10 21 1 10 22 1 10 • FEC – – 10. 66 Gb/s (overhead = 7%) 1 E-15 BER @ 19 d. B SNR FEC Gain = 6 d. B SNR equivalent to 1 E-4 BER uncoded • Ultra-FECTM 0 5 2 7 4 9 6 8 10 12 14 16 11 Ratio 13 Bit Energy to Noise Power (db) 21 15 17 19 of uncoded Signal coded (31, 27) coded (255, 241) 16 Uncoded to Noise Ratio (d. B) © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. 18 23 20 25 22 27 – – 10. 66 Gb/s (overhead = 7%) 1 E-15 BER @ 17 d. B SNR FEC Gain = 8 d. B SNR equivalent to 1 E-4 BER uncoded

Spectral Flattening Input Downstream Optical Tap Amp EQ Pout Pin Output l Amp MON Communication Channel 17 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. l

10 Gb/s U-FEC C-band Tunable G. 709 XCVR » Supports 25 GHz and 50 GHz channel spacing » Up to 160 -192 channel system capacity in the C-Band » Works in Regional, UHD, or ULH Applications » UHD utilizes 25 GHz spacing to maximize system capacity » ULH utilizes 50 GHz spacing to optimize transmission distance » » » 18 Supports SR-2 (25 km) and SR-1 (2 km) clientside applications Integrated EDC Integrated AES encryption © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Dynamic Optical Switching Application Networking Enabled by Tunable Wavelengths Ch X Ch Y Cluster In X Ch Y Ch Tx Myrinet Rx 10 G tunable TCVR 19 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. Ch X Ch Y AWG HPC Applications Cluster Myrinet te GM grat PL ed S Co / O nt -U rol NI P / N lan NI e DW O DM n Sw Op itc tics h Storage Array

How is OTN Deployed? » OTN is the common optical backbone network of the future. » OTN can provide transparent SONET/SDH services to end users who require section overhead bytes like DCC. » OTN maps all services into a common set of wavelengths – simplifying everything from monitoring and deployment to sparing and capacity management. Gb. E OCn/STMn FC SDI ISC 20 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. OTU-N

OTN and the OSI Stack » The diagram on this page shows the OSI stack modified to show the OTN layers » The Service layer represents the end user service, it can be Gb. E, SONET, SDH, FC, or any other protocol. » For asynchronous services such as ESCON, Gb. E or FC the service is passed through a GFP mapper » The OPVC or Optical channel Payload Virtual Container handles mapping the service into a uniformat. The OPVC is the only layer that needs to change to support a new service type. » The OPTU or Optical channel Payload Tributary Unit maps the output of the OPVC into a timeslot and performs timing adaptations to unify the clocking. Service GFP OPVC OPTU OPU » The OPU or Optical channel Payload Unit contains all of the timeslots in the OTN frame. ODU » The ODU or Optical channel Data Unit provides the path-level transport functions of the OPU. OTU » The OTU or Optical Transport Unit provides the section-level overhead for the ODU and provides the GCC 0 bytes. Physical » The Physical layer maps the OTU into a wavelength or WDM muxing system. 21 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

OTN revealed » OTN Framing is very similar to SONET and SDH framing. It can be represented by a table 4080 bytes long and 4 bytes high. » http: //www. innocor. com/pdf_files/g 709_tutorial. pdf 1 byte 3 bytes 7 bytes FA OH OTUk OH ODUk OH OPUk OH 7 bytes 14 bytes 22 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. 3808 bytes OPUk Payload (4 x 3808 bytes) OTUk FEC (4 x 256 bytes) 256 bytes 4 bytes

10 GE for High Bandwidth Applications • Expected to become Intra-office interface of choice 10 GE LAN PHY Transparency Issue – Server connections – Router interface 10. 000 Gbps with 64 B/66 B Encoding • Transparency of Ethernet MAC can be important 10 GE LAN PHY • Solution for Transparent WAN connectivity not standardized – Data rate not compatible with standard framing for OC-192 or ODU-2 – Supported using Agile Wavelengths today using OTU-2+ variation of G. 709 (11+ Gbps) 23 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. 10. 3125 Gbps 9. 995 Gbps ODU-2 O/H OTN OPU-2 10. 037 Gbps 10. 709 Gbps OTU-2 O/H

Hybrid Switching is Lowest Cost Traffic Dependency SDH Grooming Switch External DWDM Transmission Relative $ per STS 1/VC 3 100% $20. 00 Relative Cost per STS-1/VC 3 ES Today $18. 00 Opaque STS 1/VC 3 80% $16. 00 80% Opaque STS 1/VC 3 Int WDM No OADM $14. 00 $12. 00 60% 60% % Avg $/DS 3 $10. 00 (1, 000 s) SDH Grooming Switch ES with Integrated WDM Opaque STS 1/VC 3 Int WDM OADM $8. 00 40% 40% Integrated DWDM Transmission Hybrid Solution Selective ROADM and WS selective Int WDM SDH Grooming OADM $6. 00 20% Hybrid Solution All Optical WS No WDM Int OADM 20% 20% $4. 00 IWSS and selective SDH Grooming $2. 00 IWSS WS Solutions 0% $-0% 0% 0. 24 0. 7 8 8 Total Unprotected Network Demand Bandwidth (Tbps) 24 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. All-Optical Switch

Optical Exchange Model – Core. Director CI / DWR » Core. Director CI and CN 4200 based solution » Multi-layer switch facility » Dynamic Wave Router – 3 rd Gen Wavelength Tunable ROADM / Optical Switch » OTN interfaces for OTU 1/2 » OC 3, 12, 48, 192, Gb. E, 10 Gb. E » SONET, Layer 2 witching O-UNI, GMPLS Network Node SONET, Gb. E, 10 Gb. E WAN Interfaces O-UNI, GMPLS signaling F A N DWR-8 DWDM, OTN WAN interfaces DWR-8 POWER 25 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. POWER F A N λ Tunable DWDM Ports

Comparison of ROADM Technologies Technology Evolution Mux/Demux and 2 x 2 Switches Cascade of Tunable Filters Wavelength Blocker Based MWSS Initial Cost Moderate High Moderate Growth Cost Low Moderate Low Physical Size Multiple Line Cards Line card Feature Add/Drop/Express Reconfigurability Tunable Add-Drop Network Interface Channel Count Scalable Multiple l per Port Hitless Tuning Power Equalization Add & Drop Power Equalization Express 26 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

The (Technical) Road Not Taken… Mux/Demux Pair plus 2 x 2 space switches VOA Gain De. Mux » Drawbacks Add Drop » Cascaded filter functions (2 x number of nodes) » likely require frequency tracking for large rings (system issue, not component problem) » Relatively lossy – full line amplifier needed » Costly – express path is the same as the drop path » Add/drop ports are wavelength specific – awkward for tunability » Max one wavelength per port – awkward for ring interconnects 27 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc.

Wavelength Blocker Degree-2 Functional Operation • Re-configurable Blocking Filter Drop any channel from incident optical spectrum • Drop Filter Grating • Add Filter 1 • 96 Drop any N wavelengths of arbitrary frequency, or • LCD Blocking Filter Single channel drop, or Drop any N wavelengths with sequential frequencies Avoids stranded bandwidth concern associated with ‘fixed band’ OADM design Micro-controller RBF Principle of Operation Sample Data Fiber input/output ‘ 1010011111’ wavelength pattern Diffraction grating l 1… l. N continuous passband Small inter-element “deadzone” With LC arrays reduces pass-band ripple MEMS mirror array continuous stopband 28 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. or diffractive MEMS or LC array l 1 li Collimating l. N Lens

Dynamic Wave Router Express Network WSS MWSS Forty ITU channels common 16, 17, 18, …, 57, 58, 59 A/D channels 16 23 37 * Pass-thru channels Coupling Network 21 22 31 32 17 18 33 37 41 59 33 19, 20, 24, …, 56, 58 57 Tunable add/drop ports… (*)29 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. MWSS: Multiport Wavelength Selective Switch

Dynamic Wave Router Express Network WSS MWSS Forty ITU channels common 16, 17, 18, …, 57, 58, 59 17 A/D channels * Coupling Network 21 22 42 51 52 54 55 31 32 Pass-thru channels 16, 18, 19, …, 58, 59 33 Tunable add/drop ports…remotely changed (*)30 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. MWSS: Multiport Wavelength Selective Switch

1 x 9 Multi-port Wavelength Selective Switch (MWSS) Technology Functional Operation l 1 Input: • MEMS mirror (1 per l) l 2 Full reconfigurability of Add, Drop and Express ports • Drop any channel from incident optical spectrum l 3 … l 96 … … 2 3 Express 1 x 9 MWSS 8 x Drop 31 © 2005 Ciena Communications, Inc. 50 GHz compatible • Expandable to higher degree node 8 Basic ROADM configuration In Power level control on each port • Express Output Ports: 1 Drop any N wavelengths at a port • … Diffraction grating Single channel drop per port or • … • 1 Express port Another possible application… Multiple Express configuration for multi-degree node/ring interconnect In 1 x 9 MWSS 4 x Drop 4 x Express

Thank You